نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند
2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند
3 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات و علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند
چکیده
فراهمی عناصر غذایی در محیط ریشه گیاه و بهبود وضعیت فیزیکی خاک با استفاده صحیح و مقدار کافی از کود حیوانی میتواند موجب بهبود عملکرد زعفران شود. این مطالعه در نهالستان دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلدان‌های 25 کیلویی خاک در سال 1394- 1393 اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود)، 40 و 80 تن در هکتار، کاربرد تلفیقی 40 تن کود دامی در هکتار + 100 درصد کود شیمیایی و 80 تن کود دامی در هکتار + 100 درصد کود شیمیایی (بر اساس آزمون خاک)، کاربرد فقط کود شیمیایی و اعمال تیمارها درخاک با شرایط مشابه بدون کشت گیاه زعفران بود. نمونهبرداری خاک در سال دوم پس از گلدهی و اندازهگیری عناصر انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده کودهای دامی و شیمیایی برمیزان فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب خاک تحت کشت زعفران معنیدار بود و بیشترین میزان فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب (به ترتیب، 62/9 و 13/763 میلیگرم درکیلوگرم خاک) ازمصرف 80 تن کود دامی درهکتاربدست آمد. همچنین نتایج نشاندهنده تأثیرمعنیدار اثر متقابل کودهای شیمیایی و دامی بر غلظت آهن قابل جذب درخاک تحت کشت زعفران بود. افزایش غلظت فسفر و پتاسیم و کاهش غلظت آهن در خاک تحت کشت زعفران بیانگر فعالیت ریشه گیاه زعفران می‌باشد که میتواند نقش مؤثری در فراهمی عناصر غذایی داشته باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Adriano, D.C., 2001. Trace Elements in TerrestrialEnvironments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. 2ndEdition, Springer, New York. 867 pp.
Amiri, M.E., 2008. Impact of animal manures and chemical fertilizers on yield components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 4, 274–279.
Arabaci, O., and Bayram, E., 2004. The effect of nitrogen fertilization a different plant densities on some agronomic and technologic characteristic of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J. Agron. 3(4), 225-256.
Araji, A.A., Abdo, Z.O., and Joyce, P., 2001. Efficient use of animal manure on cropland-economic analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 79, 179-191.
Babaeian, M., Esmaeilian, Y., Tavasoli, A., and Javaheri, M., 2011.Interaction of micro and macro element with manure on barly feed yield and soil nutritient content in Sistan. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(75), 17175-17179.
Bauer, A., and Black, A.L., 1992. Organic carbon effects on available water capacity of three soil textural groups.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 24, 527-534.
Behdani, M.A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Koocheki, A., 2004.Modeling saffron flowering time across a temperature gradient. Acta Hortic. 650, 215-218.
Chaudhry, M.A., Rehman, A., Naeemand, M.A., and Mushtaq, N., 1999. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nutrient contents and some properties of eroded loess soils. Pak. J. Soc. Sci. 16(1), 63-68.
Fallah, S., Qalavand, A., and Khwaja Pour, M.R., 2004. Study of soil chemical properties and corn yield using organic, chemical and combined fertilizers. J. Environ. Sci. 2(5),69-78. [inPersian with English Summary].
Finck, A., 1982. Fertilizers and fertilization: Introduction and practical guide to crop fertilization. Verlag Chimie, Weinheim.438 pp.
HasanzadehGhourtappeh, A., Ghalavand, A., Mirna, K., and Ahmadi, M.R., 2001. The effect of different nutrition systems on energy efficiency of sunflower cultivars.J. Sci. Tech. Agric. Nat. Resour. 8(2),67-78. [in Persian with English Summary].
Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., and Nelson, W.L., 1999. Soil fertility and fertilizers: an introduction to nutrient management.6th Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. USA.
Islam, M.R., and Nahar, B.S., 2012. Effect of organic farming on nutrient uptake and quality of potato. Environ. Nat. Resour. J. 5(2),219-224.
Kafi, M., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Koocheki, A., and Filabi, A., 2002.Saffron, Production and Processing. Zaban va Adab Press, Mashhad, Iran. [in Persian].
Khan, S.V., and Schnitzer, M., 1972.Parmanganate oxidation of humic acids, folvic acids, and humins, exteracted ah horizons of black chernozem ablack solod and ablack solonetz soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52(1), 43-57.
Koocheki, A., Tabrizi, L., Jahani, M., and Mohammad Abadi, A.A., 2011.An evaluation of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm planting rate and pattern on the crop's yield. Iran. J. Hortic. Sci. 42,379-391. [in Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A., 2013. Research on production of Saffron in Iran: Past trend and future prospects. J. Saffron Agron. & Technol. 1(1),3-21. [in Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A., Najibnia, S., and Lalehgani, B., 2009. Evaluation of saffron yield (Crocus sativus L.) in intercropping with cereals, pulses and medicinal plants. Iran. J. Field Crop Res. 7,173–182. [in Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A., and Jahan, M., 2009.Effect of bio fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on generative growth and yield of saffron under high corn density.3rdInternational Symposium on Saffron Forthcoming Challenges in cultivation Research and Economics. 20-24 May. Krokos, Kozani, Greece.
Koocheki, A., Jamshid Eyni, M., and Seyyedi, S.M., 2015. The effects of mother corm size and type of fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency in saffron. J. Saffron Agron. &Tech. 2(4),243-254. [in Persian with English Summary].
Letey, J., Dinar, A., and Knapp, K.C., 1985. Crop-water production function model for saline irrigation waters.Soil Sci. Soc Am. J. 49,1005-1009.
Mahmoudi, S., Najafi, N., and Reyhanitabar, A., 2015.Effect of soil moisture and sewagesludge compost on some soil chemical properties and alfalfa forage macronutrients concentrations in greenhouse conditions.J. Sci Tech. Greenhouse Cult. 6(22),37-55. [inPersian with English Summary].
Majidian, M., Ghalavand, A., Karimian, N., and Kamkar Haghighi, A.A., 2008. Effects of nitrogen different amounts, manure and irrigation water on yield and yield components of corn. J. Crop Prod. 1(2),67-85. [in Persian with English Summary].
Malakuti, M.G., 1996. Resistant agriculture and yield increase with optimization use fertilizer in iran. First Press, Instruction Agriculture Publication. Tehran, Iran.[in Persian].
Mandal, K., Saravanan, R., and Maiti, S., 2008. Effect of different levels of N, P and K on downy mildew (Peronospora plantaginis) and seed yield of Plantago ovata. Crop Prot. 27(6), 988-995.
Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press. New York. 890 pp.
Mirlohi, A.F., Mohammadi, R., Razavi, S.J., Majidi, M.M., and Nourbakhsh, F., 2009.Effect of organic fertilizers and split application of nitrogen on yield and yield components of rice. J. Plant Prod. 16(1),29-43. [in Persian with English Summary].
Moez Ardalan, M., and Savaghebi, G., 2002.Soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture, Tehran University Press. Tehran, Iran. [in Persian].
Mohammad-Abadi, M., Amiri, M.E., and Sharghi, Y., 2012. Respond of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) to animal manure application. J. Med. Plant Res. 6(7),1323-1326.
Mohammadi, K., and Sohrabi, Y., 2014. Effect of integrated fertilization methods on nitrogen, phosphorus and soil biological properties and canola traits. Soil Res. (Soil Water Sci.). 28(1),27-38.
Munshi, A.M., 1994. Effect of N and K on the floral yield and corm production in saffron under rainfed condition. Indian J. Arecanut Spices. 18, 24-44.
Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., Khajebashi, S.M., Banitaba, S.A., and Dehdashti, S.M., 2009.Effects of planting method, density and depth on yield and production period of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Isfahan region. Seed Plant J. 24, 643–657. [in Persian with English Summary].
Najafi, N., and Mohammadnejad, A., 2016. Differential concentrations of some nutrient in forage of corn (Zea mays L.) as affected by organic fertilizers and soil compaction. J. Crop Ecophysiol. 9(4),561-582. [in Persian with English Summary].
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., and Keeney, D.R., 1992.Method of soil analysis. Part I and II, American Soc. Agronomy. Madison WI. USA. (USDA Methods).
Penney, D., 2002. Micronutrients, Agriculture, Food and Rural Development. ASEA.Soil Quality Benchmark Sites.
Pinton, R., Varanini, Z., and Nannipieri, P., 2007. The Rhizosphere: biochemistry and organic substances atthe soil-plant interface. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
Razavi Toosi, A., 2000. Interaction effects of compost, compost leachate and Mn on growth and chemical composition of spinach and rice seedling. MSc Thesis, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran. [in Persian with English Summary].
Rezaenejad, Y., and Afyuni, M., 2001.Effect of organic matter on soil chemical properties and corn yield and elemental uptake. J. Sci Tech. Agri Natur. Resour. 4(4),19-29. [in Persian with English Summary].
Roe, N.E., 1998.Compost utilization for vegetable and fruit crops. Hortscience. 33(6),934-937.
Sabahi, H., Ghalavand, A., Modarres Sanavy, A., and Asgharzadeh, M., 2008.Comparing the effects of integrated and conventional fertilization systems on canola (Brassica napus) yield and chemical properties of soil. J. Soil Res. 22(2),1-15. [in Persian with English Summary].
Sadeghi, B., Razavi, M., and Mahajeri, M., 1992.The effect of mineral nutrients (NPK) on saffron production. Acta Hortic. 306,426-430.
Sayyari-Zahan M., Sadana, U., Steingrobe, B., and Claassen, N.,2009. Manganese efficiency and Mn uptake kinetics of raya (Brassica juncea L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in nutrient solution and soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 172, 425-434.
Schoenau, J.J., 2006. Benefits of long-term application of manure. Adv. Pork Prod. 17, 153-158.
Teimori, S., Behdani, M.A., Ghaderi, M.G., and Sadeghi, B., 2013.Investigation on the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morphological and agronomic of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm criteria. J. Saffron Res. 1,36-47. [in Persian with English Summary].
Ünal, M., and Çavuşoğlu, A., 2005.The effect of various nitrogen fertilizers on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield. Akdeniz Univ.Ziraat Fak Derg. 18(2), 257-260.
Uprety, D., Hejcman, M., Szkov, J., Kunzov, E., and Tlustos, P., 2009.Concentration of trace elements in arable soil after long-term application of organic fertilizers. Nutr.Cycl. Agroecosys. 85, 241-252.
Vessey, J.K., 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil. 255, 571-586.
Zare Feizabadi, A., Koocheki, A., and Alimoradi, L., 2004. Study of changes in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium residual in soil in response to conventional and ecological alternatives and agronomic regimes. New Methods of Plant Nutrition (Proceedings). First Edition. Senate publications. Tehran Iran.p. 103-116. [in Persian].
Zeidan, M.S., 2007. Effect of organic manure and phosphorus fertilizwes on growth, yield and quality of lentil plants in sandy soil.Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci. 3,748-752.
)