نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیارگروه باغبانی و مرکز پژوهشی گیاهان ویژه منطقه، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند.
2 گروه باغبانی. دانشگاه بیرجند
3 گروه پژوهشی زعفران دانشگاه بیرجند
4 استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه
چکیده
به منظور بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف اسیدآمینه و وزن بنه مادری بر فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی و مواد مؤثره زعفران، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1396– 1395 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل اسید آمینه در سه سطح (صفر، 2 و 4 لیتر در هکتار) و سه سطح وزن بنه مادری (4-1/0، 8-1/4 و 12-1/8 گرم) در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که کاربرد اسیدآمینه اثر معنیداری بر میزان کروسین کلاله و میزان آنتوسیانین و کارتنویید گلبرگ زعفران داشت، بهطوری‌که بیشترین مقدار کروسین (4/270، برحسب جذب محلول آبی یک درصد در طول موج 440 نانومتر)، آنتوسیانین (28/26 میلیگرم در صد گرم وزن خشک) و کارتنویید (95/0 میلیگرم در گرم وزن تَر) از تیمار چهار لیتر در هکتار اسیدآمینه و کمترین مقدار کروسین (5/230)، آنتوسیانین (23/24 میلیگرم در صد گرم وزن خشک) و کارتنویید (71/0 میلیگرم در گرم وزن تر) از تیمار شاهد بهدست آمد. همچنین بین سطوح دو و چهار لیتر در هکتار اسیدآمینه تفاوت معنیداری در این صفات مشاهده نشد. وزن بنه مادری نیز برخی صفات مورد مطالعه را تحت تأثیر معنیدار قرار داد، بهطوری‌که کمترین مقدار پیکروکروسین کلاله (7/100، برحسب جذب محلول آبی یک درصد در طول موج 257 نانومتر) از بنههای ریز (4-1/0 گرم) و بیشترین آن (5/108) از بنههای درشت (12-1/8 گرم) بدست آمد. همچنین اثر متقابل اسیدآمینه و وزن بنه مادری نیز شاخصهای سافرانال کلاله و فعالیت آنتیاکسیدان گلبرگ زعفران را تحت تأثیر معنیدار قرار داد، بهطوری‌که بیشترین مقدار سافرانال (82/36، برحسب جذب محلول آبی یک درصد در طول موج 330 نانومتر) و آنتیاکسیدان (26/31 درصد) از بنههای 12-1/8 گرم و مصرف دو یا چهار لیتر در هکتار اسید آمینه بدست آمد. در مجموع، با مصرف اسید آمینه میتوان به بهبود خصوصیات کیفی زعفران در مسیر تولید ارگانیک این محصول کمک نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Abd El-Aziz, N. G., Mahgoub, M. H., & Mazher, A. A. M. (2009). Physiological effect of phenylalanine and tryptophan on the growth and chemical constituents of antirrhinum majus plants. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences, 2 (4), 399-407.
Ahmadiyan, A., Ghanbary, A., Gluy, M., Siyahsar, B., & Arazmjoo, A. (2010). Different irrigation regimes and manure on the elements essential oil content and chemical composition cumin. Ecophysiology of Crop Plants and Weeds, 16, 83-94.
Arnon, A. N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23 (1), 112-121.
Badr, L. A. A., & Fekry, W. A. )1999(. Effect of intercropping and doses of fertilization on growth and productivity of taro and cucumber plants. 1-vegetative growth and chemical constituents of foliage. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research, 25, 1087–101.
Bahrami, K., & Omid Beygi, R. (2002). The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on fertility and quality of medicinal plant active ingredient of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Horticulture. Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
Cerdna, M., S. nchez-S.nchez, A., Oliver, M., Ju.rez, M., and S.nchez-Andreu, J. J. (2009). Effect of foliar and root applications of amino acids on iron uptake by tomato plants. Acta Hortulture, 830, 481-488.
Chuah, A. M., Lee, Y. C., Yamaguchi, T., Takamura, H., Yin, L. J., & Matoba, T. (2008). Effect of cooking on the antioxidant properties of colored peppers. Food Chemistry, 111 (1), 20- 28.
Dakora, F. D., & Phillips, D. A. (2002). Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments. Plant and Soil, 245, 35-47.
El-Beltagi, H., Ahmed, O. K., & El-Desouky, W. (2011). Effect of low dose gamma radiation on oxidative stress and secondry metabolites production of resmary (Rosmarinum officinalis L.) callus culture. Radiation Physics and chemistry, 80 (9), 968-976.
Fallahi, H. R., Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Sahabi, H., & Feizi, H. (2017). Mother corm weight and soil amendment improves the vegetative and reproductive growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Medicinal & Spice Plants (Zeitschrift für Arznei and Gewürzpflanzen), 22 (3), 110-114.
Farshid, F., Hadavi, E., & Hekmati, J. (2012). Glutamin and malic acid increased the vaselife of cut Rose flower cv. Avalanch, Horticulture Department, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran.
Faten, S. A., Shaheen, A. M., Ahmad, A. A., & Mahmoud, A. R. (2010). Effect of foliar application of amino acids as antioxidants on growth, yield and characteristics of squash. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science, 6 (5), 583-588.
Gawronska, H. (2008). Biostimulators in modern agriculture (general aspects). Plant Press Warsaw University of life sciences (WULS), 89p.
Ghost, B.C., & Bhat, R. (1998). Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environmental Pollution. 102 (1), 123–126.
Golzade, H., Mehrafarin, A., Naghdi Badi, H., Fazeli, F., Ghaderi, A., & Zarincheh, N. (2011). Effects of bio-stimulants on quantitative and qualitative yield of German chamomile. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11 (41), 195-207. [in Persian].
Golzari Jahanabad, M., Behdani, M. A., Khorramdel, S., & Sayari Zahan, M. H. (2015). The effect of some fertilizer sources and maternal straw weights on vegetative characteristics and quality of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) traits. Saffron Research Journal (Two Quarterly), 4 (2), 172-186.
Gresta, F., Avola, G., Lombardo, G. M., Siracusa, L., & Ruberto, G. (2009). Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 119 (3), 320-324.
Haghirossadat, F., Bernard, F., Kalantar, M., Sheikhha, M., & Hokmollahi Azimzadeh, M. (2010). Bunium Persicum (Black Caraway) of Yazd province: Chemical assessment and Evaluation of its antioxidant effects. Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 18 (3), 284-291.
Haj Seid Hadi, M. R., & Rezaee Ghale, H. (2016). Effects of vermicompost and foliar application of amino acids and urea on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian J of Medicinal Aromatic Plants. 31 (6 (74)), 1058 -1070.
Hapkins, W.G. (1999). Introductin to plant physiology. Vol 1 and 2, John wiley and Sons, New York.
INS (Iran National Standard). (2006). Research institute of standard and Iran. Saffron Bulletin, No. 259. Journal of Microbiology. 42, 207-209.
Kazemi, M., Gholami, M., Asadi, M., Aghdasi, S., & Almasi, M. (2012). Response of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to salicylic acid and glutamine. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 7 (3), 158-164.
Khavari, A., Behdani, M. A., Zamani, GH. R., & Mahmoudi, S. (2012). The effect of planting method and bennet weight on saffron performance in qaynat area. Master's Degree in Agriculture. Factualy of Agriculture. University of Birjand.
Khazaei, Z., & Sayari, M. (2015). Effect of 5-Aminololic acid leaf application on growth and some physiologic factors and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) function in drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28 (5), 952-961.
Kocira, A., Kornas, R., & Kocira, S. (2013). Effect assessment of kelpak SL on the bean yield (phaseolus vulgaris L.) the Bean yield. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 14 (2), 67-76.
Koocheki, A. (2013). Research on production of saffron in Iran: Past trend and future prospects. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 1 (1), 3-21.
Kuntal, D., Raman, D., Thippenahalli, N. S., & Sekeroglu, N. (2007). Influence of bio-fertilizers on the biomass yield and nutrient content in Stevia rebaudiana. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1 (1), 5-8.
Lechtenberg, M., Schepmann, D., Niehues, M., Hellenbrand, N., Wünsch, B., & Hensel, A. (2008). Quality and functionality of saffron: Quality control, species assortment and affinity of extract and isolated saffron compounds to nmda and σ1 (sigma-1) receptors. Planta Medica, 74 (7), 764-772.
Liu, X. Q., Ko, K. Y., Kim, S. H. & Lee, K. S. (2008). Effect of amino acid fertilization on nitrate assimilation of leafy radish and soil chemical properties in high nitrate soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 39 (1-2), 269-281.
Loomis, W. D., & Corteau, R. (1972). Essential oil biosynthesis. Recently Advance Phytochemistry, 6, 147-185.
Lopez, A., Rico, M., Rivero, A., & Suarez de Tangil, M. (2011). The effects of solvents on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of Stypocaulon scoparium alga extracts. Food Chemistry, 125 (3), 1104-1109.
Madiha, H., Jalal, A., & Ayad, A. (2014). The effect of some foliar nutrients on vegetative growth characteristics and yield of Rosell (Hibiscus sabdariffa L). Journal of Tikrit University for Agriculture Sciences, Special Issue of the Third Specialized Conference / Plant Production 26-27.
Mahgoub, H. M., Abdel-Aziz, G. N., & Mazhar, M. A. (2011). Response of Dahlia pinnata L. plant to foliar spray with putrescine and thiamine on growth, flowering and photosynthetic pigments. American Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 10 (5), 769-775.
Mandal, A., Patra, A. K., Singh, D., Swarp, A., & Ebhin Masto, R. (2007). Effect of Long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology, 98 (18), 3585- 3592.
Mohseni, F. (2015). The role of spraying of amino acids on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) parous cultivar. M.Sc. Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Murty, M.G., & Ladha, J.K. (1988). Influence of Azospirillum inoculation on the mineral uptake and growth of riceunder hydroponic conditions. Plant and Soil, 108 (2), 281–285.
Nasiri Khorasani, N., Behdani, M.A., Akbarpour, A., & Mahmoudi, S. (2011). Assessing the quality of water resources in saffron agro-ecosystem using Arc GIS. (Case study: Sarbisheh city). Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Birjand (Saffron Research Group of Birjand University).
Oraghi Ardebili, Z., Laden Moghadam, AS. R., & Moradi, M. (2011). Effect of leaf seedling on selenium and amino acid on parsley. Garmsar Azad University. Garmsar Master's Thesis.
Patten, C.L., & Glick, B.R. (1996). Bacterial biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid. Canadian.
Reza Khani, A., & Haj Seyed Hadi, M. (2017). Effect of manure and spraying of amino acids on growth characteristics, grain yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Iranian Crop Science, 48 (3), 777-786.
Rouhani, R., Eyenafshar, S., & Ahmadzadeh, R. (2015). Study of anthocyanin and antioxidant compounds derived ethanol extract saffron flag with the help of ultrasound technology. Iranian Food Science and Technology, 11 (2), 161-170.
Saburi, M., Haj Seyed Hadi, M. R., & Darzi, M. T. (2014). Effects of amino acids and nitrogen fixing bacteria on quantitative yield and essential oil content of basil (Ocimum basilicum). Journal of Agricultural Science Developments, 3 (8), 265-268.
Sadeghi, B. (1993). Effect of corm weight on saffron flowering. Press of Iranian Research Organization for Scinece and Technology-Center of Khorasan, 52-53.
Sadeghi, B. (1997). Effect of storage and sowing date of corm on saffron flowering. Organisation of Scientific and Industrial of Iran. Research Center of Khorasan, 6-53.
Salehi, M., Saffari, V. R., & Farahmand, H. (2016). Effect of benzyl adenine, ascorbic acid and thiamine on some of the morphological and biochemical properties of petunia hybrida. Journal of Crop Production and Processing of Horticultural Products, 6 (19), 165-174.
Shahbazi, F., Seyyed nejad, F., Salimi, M., & Gilani, A. (2015). Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and biochemical constituents of wheat. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 8 (3), 283-287.
Sharifi Ashourabadi, A. (1998). Evaluation of soil fertility in agroecosystems. Ph. D disseration, Islamic Azad Univesity of Oloum Tahghighat, Iran.
Smolen, S., Sady, W., & Wierzbinska, J. (2010). The effect of plant Biostimulation with ‘Pentakeep V’ and nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen metabolism and quality of spinach. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 9 (1), 25-36.
Soltani, F., Hadavi, A., & Ghazi jahani, N. (2017). Effect of soldering of thalouamine, citric acid and malic acid on the quality and morphology of glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Journal of Cellular and Molecular Biology, 14, 5-14.
Tajik, N., & Danaee, E. (2015). Spraying pre-harvest some of Amino acids on physicochemical, enzymatic traits and Longevity gerbera flower cv. sorbet Journal of Plant and Biotechnology, 9 (3), 27. [in Persian].
Tanazad, M., Sharifi Separchi, GH, R., Mirza Aliyan dastjeri, A., & Yousef zadi, M. (2015). Improvement of the traits of persistence and enzymatic activity in carnation (Caryophyllus L. Dianthus) cultivar Diana in preservative solutions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 29) 1(, 0-43. [in Persian].
Thomas, J., Mandal, A. K. A., Raj Kumar, R., & Chordia, A. (2009). Role of biologically active amino acid formulations on quality and crop productivity of Tea (Camellia sp.). International Journal of Agricultural Research, 4 (7), 228-236.
Thornton, B., & Robinson, D. (2005). Uptake and assimilation of nitrogen from solutions containing multiple N sources. Plant Cell and Environment, 28 (6), 813-821.
Toor, R.K., Geoffrey, P., & Savagea, A.H. (2006). Influence of different types of fertilizers on the major antioxidant components of tomatoes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19 (1), 20-27.
Turkmen, N., Sari, F., & Veliglu, Y.S. (2005). The effect of cooking methods on total phenolic and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables. Food Chemistry, 93 (4), 713- 718.
Valle Garcia-Rodriguez, M., Serrano-Diaz, J., Tarantilis Petros, A., Lopez-Corcoles, H., Carmona, M., & Alonso, G. L. )2014(. Determination of saffron quality by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62 (32), 8068-8074.
Viti, R., Bartolini, S., & Vitagliano, C. (1989). Growth regulators on pollen germination in olive. Acta. Hortic. 286, 227-230.
Watkinson, J. I., Hendricks, L., Sioson, A. A., Vasquez-Robinet, C., Verlyn, S., Heath, L. S., Schuler, M., Bohnert, H. J., Bonierbale, M., & Grene, R. (2006). Accessions of Solanumt oberosum spp. Andigena show differences in photosynthetic recovery after drought stress as reflected in gene expression profiles. Plant Science, 171 (6), 745-758.
Wrosotad, R. E. (1976). Color and pigment analysis in fruit products. Oregon State University Publications Limited, Cornwalis.
Zamani, S., Kazemi, M., & Aran, M. (2011). Postharvest life of vut rose flowers as affected by salicylic acid and glutamin. World Applied Sciencs Journal, 12 (9), 1621-1624.
Zgallai, H., Steppe, K., & Lemeur, R. (2006). Effects of different levels of water stress on leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, protein and chlorophyll content and certain anti oxidative enzymes in Tomato plants. Journal of Integratio Plant Biology, 48 (6), 679-685.
)