نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی و مرکز پژوهشی گیاهان ویژه منطقه، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند.

2 -استاد گروه پژوهشی زعفران، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران.

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم باغبانی، گرایش فیزیولوژی گیاهان دارویی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند.

4 -استاد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شاهد تهران، ایران.

چکیده

به­ منظور بررسی تأثیر هورمون جیبرلیک ­­اسید و کشت پُر تراکم بر فعالیت آنتی­اکسیدانی و مواد مؤثره زعفران، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند در سال زراعی 95-96 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو سطح جیبرلیک­­اسید (صفر و 20 پی­پی­ام) و سه سطح تراکم کاشت (100، 200 و 300 بنه در متر­­مربع) با سه تکرار بودند. صفات اندازه­گیری شده شامل میزان آنتوسیانین، فنول، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، سافرانال، کروسین، پیکروسین، عملکرد کلاله خشک و رنگدانه‏های فتوسنتزی بودند. نتایج نشان داد تیمار جیبرلیک ­­اسید اثر معنی­داری بر اکثر صفات داشت، به­طوری­که بیشترین میزان فنول و فعالیت آنتی­اکسیدانی به­ترتیب 7/629 (میلی­گرم در صد گرم وزن خشک) و 5/39 درصد از تیمار مصرف اسید‌جیبرلیک به­دست آمد. همچنین نتایج بیانگر اثر معنی­دار اسید­جیبرلیک در سطح یک درصد بر میزان آنتوسیانین کلاله بود، به­طوری­که میزان این صفت، 24 درصد در تیمار اسید­جیبرلیک بیشتر از شاهد بود. مواد مؤثره زعفران نیز تحت تأثیر اسید­جیبرلیک قرار گرفت، به­طوری­که بیشترین میزان سافرانال (5/32 درصد)، کروسین (4/140 درصد) و پیکروسین (1/58 درصد) از تیمار مصرف اسید­جیبرلیک و کمترین میزان سافرانال (3/28 درصد)، کروسین (1/125 درصد) و پیکروسین (6/56 درصد) از تیمار شاهد حاصل شد. همچنین میزان کلروفیل  aو کل برگ با مصرف 20 پی‌پی‌ام جیبرلیک ­اسید به­ترتیب به­میزان 14 و 12 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. تیمار تراکم کاشت تنها بر بعضی مواد مؤثره (سافرانال و پیکروسین) در سطح یک درصد معنی­دار بود و بیشترین آنها به­ترتیب به­میزان 55/33 و 96/58 درصد از تراکم کاشت 100 بنه در مترمربع مشاهده شد، امّا روی سایر صفات تأثیر معنی­داری نداشت. تراکم کاشت 300 بنه در متر­مربع، بیشترین عملکرد کلاله خشک را داشت. به­طور کلی با توجه به نتایج به­دست آمده، مشخص شد مصرف 20 پی­پی­ام جیبرلیک ­اسید سبب بهبود صفات کیفی زعفران گردید و تراکم کاشت پایین (100 بنه درمترمربع) فقط در برخی صفات مواد مؤثره زعفران (سافرانال و پیکروسین) و تراکم کاشت بالا (300 بنه در مترمربع) در عملکرد کلاله خشک تأثیر داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Abbaspour, H., Rezaei, H., 2015. Effects of gibberellic acid on Hill reaction, photosynthetic Pigment and phenolic compounds in Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in different drought stress levels. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 27(5), 893-903. [in Persian with English Summary].
Abd Khani, S., Seluky, M., 2016. Changes in phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant enzymes in different stages of growth of basil (Ocimum basilicumL.) under the influence of growth regulators. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2(15), 164-175. [in Persian].
Abrishmi, M. H. (1997). Iranian saffron, historical, cultural and agricultural knowledge. Astan Quds Razavi, Printing and Publishing Institute. 892. [in Persian].
Aghapour Sabaghi, M., 2019. Investigating the factors affecting Iran's saffron exports to BRICS countries (data panel approach). Scientific-Research Journal of Saffron, 7(3), 411-420. [In Persian].
Ahmadi, F., Aminifard,M.H., Khayyat, M., Samadzade, A.R., 2017. Effects of different humic acid levels and planting density on antioxidant activities and active ingredients of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy & Technology. 5(1), 61-71. [in Persian].
Ahmadian-Kouchaksaraie, Z., Niazmand, R., and Najaf najafi, M. 2016. Optimization of the subcritical water extraction of phenolic antioxidantsfrom Crocus sativus petals of saffron industry residues: Box-Behnkendesign and principal component analysis. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 36, 234-244.
Alrashdi, A.M., Al-Qurashi, A.D., Awad, M.A., Mohamed, S.A., Al-rashdi, A.A., 2017. Quality, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and enzymes activity of ‘El-Bayadi’table grapes at harvest as affected by preharvest salicylic acid and gibberellic acid spray. Scientia Horticulturae. 220(6), 243-249.
Anastasia, E., Giannakoula, F., Jelena, J., Maksimovic, M., Maksimovic, DZ., 2012. The effects of plant growth regulators on growth, yield, and phenolic profile of lentil plants. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 28(1), 46–53.
Arnon, A.N., 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23, 112-121.
Behnia, M.R., Mokhtari, M., 2009. Effect of planting methods and corm density in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 3 rd International Symposium on Saffron. Forthcoming Challenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics. 20-23 May, Korokos, Kozani, Greece.
Behnia, M.R., Mokhtari, M., 2010. Effect of planting methods and corm density in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield. Acta Horticulturae. 850, 131 -136.
Chuah, A.M., Lee, Y.C., Yamaguchi, T., Takamura, H., Yin, L.J., Matoba, T., 2008. Effect of cooking on the antioxidant properties of colored peppers. Food Chemistry. 111(1), 20-28.
Clarke, S.M., Mur, L.A.J., Wood, J.E., Scott, I.M., 2004. Salicylic acid dependent signaling promotes basal hermotolerance but is not essential for acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal. 38(3), 432–447.
Darbaghshahi, M. R. N., Khajebashi, S. M., Banitaba, S. A. & Dehdashti, S. M., 2009. Effects of planting method, density and depth on yield and production period of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Isfahan Region. Seed and Plant.24, 643-657.
El-Naggar, A.H., El-Naggar, A.A.M., Ismaiel, N.M., 2009. Effect of phosphorus application and gibberellic acid on the growth and flower quality of (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 6(4), 400-410.
Eraslan, F., Inal, A., David, J.,Gunes, A., 2008. Interactive effects of salicylic acid and silicon on oxidative damage and antioxidant activity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.cv. Matado) grown under boron toxicity and salinity. Plant Growth Regulation. 55(3), 207-219.
Fallahi, H. R. and Mahmoodi, S., 2018. Impact of water availability and fertilization management on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) biomass allocation. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 1(2), 133-148.
Gougoulias, N., Masheva, L., 2010. Effect of gibberillic Acid (GA3) on polyphenols content and antioxidative activity of some table grape varieties of Vitis vinifera L. Oxidation Communications. 33(3), 652-660.
Gresta, F., Avola, G., Lombardo, GM., Siracusa, L., Ruberto, G., 2009. Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae. 119(3), 320-324.
Habibi Dastjerd, Z., Naseri, L.A., Amiri, J., Dolati Baneh, H., 2019. Effects of gibberellic-acid and salicylic-acid on phytochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and nutrient elements of Bidane-Sefid grape. Journal of Plant Production (Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources). 26(3), 103-120.
Hajisamadi asl, B., Hassanpouraghdam,M.B., Khalighi, A., 2011. Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) foliar application on growth characteristics and essential oil of lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 2 (21), 24-32. [in Persian].
Hashemabadi, D., 2010. Yield and quality management of rose (Rosa hybridacv. Poison) with plant growth regulators. Plant Omics Journal. 3(6), 167-171.
Hassanpour Asil, M., Mortazavi, H., Hatamzadeh, A., Qasemnejad, M., 2012. The effect of gibberellic acid and calcium in reducing the growth period of iris (Iris hollandica var. Blue Magic) in the greenhouse and increasing the shelf life of cut flowers. Science and technology of greenhouse crops. 3(1), 63-70. [in Persian].
INS (Iran National Standard). 2006. Research Institute of Standard and Iran. Saffron Bulletin, No. 259. [in Persian].
Kheiry, A., 2006. Effects of GA3 and 6-BA on the quality and essence of tuberose. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Karaj, Iran. [in Persian].
Koocheki, A., Jamshid Eyni, M., and Seyyedi, S.M., 2014a. The effects of mother corm size, manure and chemical fertilizers on replacement corm criteria and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research. 2(1), 34-46. [In Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mollafilabi, A., and Seyyedi, S.M., 2014b. The effects of high corm density and manure on agronomic characteristics and corms behavior of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the second year. Journal of Saffron Research. 1(2), 144-155. [In Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A.R., Tabrizi, L., Jahani, M., Mohammadabadi, A.A., 2012. An evaluation of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativusL.) corm planting rate and pattern on the crop's performance. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 42(4), 379-391. [in Persian].
Koocheki A, Siahmarguee A, Azizi G, Jahani Kondori M. 2011. The effect of high density and depth of planting on agronomic characteristic of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and corms behavior Journal of Agroecology. 3(1), 36-49. [in Persian with English Summary].
Koocheki, A.R., Tabrizi, L., Jahani, M., Mohammad-Abadi, A.A., Mahdavi Damghani, A., 2009. Performance of saffron (Crocus sativusL.) under different planting patterns and high corm density. 3rd International Symposium on Saffron. Forthcoming Challenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics. 20-23th May, Korokos, Kozani, Greece.
López, M.L., Peralta‐Videa, J.R., Castillo‐Michel, H., Martinez‐Martinez, A., Duarte‐Gardea, M., Gardea‐Torresdey, J.L., 2007. Lead toxicity in alfalfa plants exposed to phytohormones and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid monitored by peroxidase, catalase, and amylase activities. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry: An International Journal. 26(12), 2717-2723.
Majidian, N., Naderi, RA., Khaliqi, A., Majidian, M., 2012. The effect of gibberellin and benzyl adenine growth regulators on the production of calla potted plant of Childsiana cultivar. Journal of Horticultural Science. 25(4), 361-368. [in Persian].
Malafilabi, A., Shurideh, H., 2008. New methods of saffron production. 4th International Saffron Festival. Khorasan Razavi, Iran. November 28-27.
Mansuri Isfahani, S.M., Mortezanejad, M., Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., 2013. Impact of Giberlic acidon Concentration of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal in Crocus sativusL. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6(1), 1000-1003.
Ministry of Agriculture. (2019). Details of the implementation of the saffron support purchase plan in 1998. Deputy of Agricultural Affairs, Saffron Performance Report in Iran, 3 pages. [In Persian].
Mohammad-Abadi, A.A., Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., Sabori, A., 2007. Effect of plant distance on flower yield and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage production of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Mashhad conditions. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS). 739, 151-153. [in Persian].
Mollafilabi, A., Shoorideh, H., 2009. The new methods of saffron production. 4th National Festival of Saffron, Khorasan- Razavi, Iran. [in Persian].
Mynett, K., Startek, L., Zurawik, P. Ploszaj, B. 2001. The effect of gibrescoland flordimex on the emergence andgrowth of freesia rocz. AR w Poznaniu CCCXXXII, Ogrodn. 33, 103-110 [in Polish].
Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., Khajebashi, S.M., Banitaba, S.A., Dehdashti, S.M., 2009. Effects of planting method, density and depth on yield and production period of saffron (Crocus sativusL.) in Isfahan region. Seed and Plant 24(4), 643–657. [in Persian].
Nazarbeigi, E., Fallahi, H.A., Naseri, R., Mirzaei, A., 2014. Investigation of the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride, salicylic acid and gibberellic acid on the content proline and chlorophylls a and b in two canola cultivars (Haval 104 and RGS). Applied Research in Plant Ecophysiology. 1(2), 25-37.[in Persian].
Razavi, M., Ayman Shahidi, M., Abnus, H. and Hosseinzadeh, H., 2013. A review of cardiovascular effects of saffron and its active ingredients. Agriculture and Technology of Saffron, 1(2), 3-13. [in Persian].
Shakeri M, Aminifard MH, Behdani MA, Tabatabaei S.J., 2018. Effect of gibberellin cacid hormone and mother corm weight on vegetative and reproductive growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Crop Production Research. 25(2), 153-165. [In Persian with English Summary].
Sharaf-Eldin, M.A., Schnitzler Nitz, WH. G., Razin, M., El-Oksh, I.I., 2007. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on some phenolic substances in globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var scolymus L.) Fiori). Scientia Horticulturae. 111(4), 326–329.
Saeed, T., Hassan, I., Abbasi, N.A. 2014. Effect of gibberellic acid on the vase life and oxidative activities in senescing cut gladiolus flowers. Plant Growth Regular 72, 89–95.
Skutink, E., Lukaszews, A., Serek, M., Rabiza, J., 2001. Effect of growth regulators on postharvest characteristics of Zantedeschia athiopica. Postharvest. Journal of Postharvest. Biology and Technology. 21(2), 241-246.
Soad, M.M., Taha, I.L.S., Farahat, M.M., 2010. Vegetative growth and chemical constituents of croton plants as affected by foliar application of benzyl adenine and gibberellic acid. Journal of American Science. 6(7), 126-130.
Srivastava, N.K., Srivastava, A.K., 2007. Influence of gibberellic acid on 14 CO2 metabolism, growth, and production of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Photosynthetica. 45(1), 156–60.
Teszl´ak, P., Ga´al, K., Nikfardjam, M., 2005. Influence of grapevine flower treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) on polyphenol content of Vitis vinifera L. wine. Analytica Chimica Acta. 543(1-2), 275–281.
Turkmen, N., Sari, F., Veliglu, Y.S., 2005. The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegtables. Food Chemistry. 93(4), 713- 718.
Vitrac, X., Larronde, F., Krisa, S., Decendit, A., Deffieux, G., Mérillon, J.M., 2000. Sugar sensing andCa2+–calmodulin requirement in Vitis viniferacells producing anthocyanins. Phytochemistry. 53(6), 659-665.
Wang, S.Y., Lin, H.S., 2000. Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry. 48(2), 140–146.
Wrosotad, RE., 1976. Color and pigment analysis in fruit products. Oregon State University Publications Limited, Cornwalis.
Yaqubi, L., Hatamzadeh, A., Bakhshy, D., 2013. The effect of gibberellic acid and methyl jasmonate on some morphological and physiological characteristics of two grass enamel cultivars. Proceedings of the 8th Iranian Congress of Horticultural Sciences; Bu Ali Sina University.3100-3096. [in Persian].