Aghamohamadi, S., khashei, A., Shahidi, A. & Hashemi, S. R. (2019). Drought risk assessment of Saffron by Montcarlo method. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 7(3), 377-396. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2018.119530.1286
Aliyari, V. and Sharifzadeh, M. (2025). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Cultivation Potential Zoning in Fars Province. Journal of Saffron Research, 13(2), 306-332. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2026.10735.1298
Ayoub, I. B., Ara, S., & Lone, S. A. (2024). Evaluating the sensitivity of saffron yield to climate change in Western Himalaya, India. A study from Kashmir Valley. In Climate Crisis, Social Responses and Sustainability: Socio-ecological Study on Global Perspectives (pp. 159-173). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19747-3_9
Beguería, S., Vicente‑Serrano, S. M., Reig, F., & Latorre, B. (2014). Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited. International Journal of Climatology, 34(10), 3001–3023. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3887
Dowlatabadi, S., and Khashei Siuki, A., (2019). Estimation of saffron yield using RDI drought index (Case study: South Khorasan Province). Journal of Saffron Research, 7(1), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2017.621.1023
FAO (2023). FAOSTAT agricultural production database
Ghazi, B., Salehi, H., Cheshami, M., Zeydalinejad, N., & Linh, N. T. T. (2025). Projection of climate change impact on main climate variables and assessment of the future of Köppen–Geiger climate classification in Iran. Acta Geophysica, 73 (2), 2017-2027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01457-6
Hayes, M. J., Svoboda, M. D., Wiihite, D. A., & Vanyarkho, O. V. (1999). Monitoring the 1996 Drought Using the Standardized Precipitation Index. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80(3), 429-438. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0429:MTDUTS>2.0.CO;2
Herman, E. (2024). Sustainable agriculture and its impact on the rural development in EU countries: A multivariate analysis. Land, 13(7), 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070947
Javan, K., & Movaghari, A. (2024). Trend analysis of temperature changes in Northwest of Iran using extreme indices and its relation to atmospheric circulation. Water & Soil, 38 (5), 629-647. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2024.86169.1366
Kheyruri, Y., Sharafati, A., & Neshat, A. (2023). The socioeconomic impact of severe droughts on agricultural lands over different provinces of Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 289 (30), 21-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108550
Khodashenas, A. (2018). Separating processing operations from production: A desirable approach for improving the quality and economics of Iranian saffron. Saffron Promotional Journal, 1 (1), 41- 48. [in Persian]. https://se.areeo.ac.ir/article_118411.html
Koocheki, A. (2004). Saffron production and processing. Ferdowsi University Press. [in Persian]
Koocheki, A., & Khajeh‑Hosseini, M. (2008). Opportunities for saffron production in Iran. Acta Horticulturae.
Khorramdel, S. and Mirzaeian, A. (2025). Impact of Climate Change on Saffron Production: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities. Journal of Saffron Research, 13(1), 173-197. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2025.9147.1269
McKee., T.B., Doesken, N.J., & Kleist, J. (1993). The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales, Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, 17-22 January Anaheim, California
Mehmeti, A., Candido, V., Canaj, K., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., D’Antonio, P., & Cardone, L. (2024). Energy, environmental, and economic sustainability of saffron cultivation: insights from the first European (Italian) case study. Sustainability, 16(3), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031179
Rusdiyana, E., Sutrisno, E., & Harsono, I. (2024). A bibliometric review of sustainable agriculture in rural development. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(03), 630-637. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v2i03.747
Saeedi, I., Mortazavi, S. and Hassanvand, M. (2026). Comparative Analysis of A1FI-MI and B1TME Climate Change Scenarios on Iranian Saffron Cultivation. Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 14(49), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.22052/deej.2025.257048.1110
Shaha, R., Bharadiya, N., and Manekar, V. 2015. Drought index computation using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method for Surat district. Gujarat. Aquatic Procedia 4: 1243-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.162
Shahdost, Z., Ahmadvand, M. (2021). Feasibility study of saffron cultivation from farmers’ viewpoint in villages of Arsanjan County. Journal of Saffron Research, 9(1), 61-78. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2020.3270.1128
Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Vogt, J., & Barbosa, P. (2015). European drought climatologies and trends based on a multi‑indicator approach. Global and Planetary Change, 127, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.012
Stagge, J. H., Tallaksen, L. M., Gudmundsson, L., Van Loon, A. F., & Stahl, K. (2015). Candidate distributions for climatological drought indices (SPI and SPEI).
International Journal of Climatology, 35(13), 4027–4040. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4267
Tabari, H. (2020). Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability. Scientific Reports.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., & López-Moreno, J. I. (2010). A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Journal of climate, 23(7), 1696-1718. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
Zynal Zadeh, M., Janbaz Ghobadi, G., Motevalli, S., Taherian, M. and Kouhi, M. (2025). The Impact of Climatic Anomalies on Saffron Yield Case Study: Kashmar and Torbat-e Heydariyeh. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 13(1), 59-81. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2025.511404.1558