اثر تغییر اقلیم بر تولید زعفران: مسائل، چالش‌ها و فرصت‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

عوامل اقلیمی به عنوان مهم‌ترین پارامترهای تعیین‌کننده عملکرد زعفران به عنوان گیاهی دارای آشیانه اکولوژیکی خاص در نقاط مختلف جهان محسوب می‌شوند. دما مهم‌ترین عامل محیطی مؤثر بر گلدهی و ویژگی‌های کیفی زعفران شناسایی شده است. مراحل اصلی رشد رویشی و زایشی زعفران تحت تأثیر پارامترهای اقلیمی شامل تخصیص حداکثری ماده خشک به پیازهای دختری، القای گلدهی و ظهور گل است. افزایش دما در مرحله القای گلدهی می‌تواند از طریق تأخیر در گلدهی، کوتاه‌تر شدن دوره گلدهی و کاهش تعداد گل‌ منجر به کاهش عملکرد شود. دمای بهینه برای القای گلدهی و ظهور گل در زعفران به ترتیب حدود ۲۳ و 18 درجه سانتی‌گراد گزارش شده است. افزایش دما بر طول دوره گلدهی، عملکرد و ویژگی‌های کیفی گل اثر نامطلوب داشته و مدت زمان گلدهی را نیز کاهش می‌دهد. علاوه بر این، کاهش بارندگی همراه با افزایش تبخیر-تعرق می‌تواند منجر به تنش خشکی و کاهش عملکرد شود. همچنین، تغییر در الگوی بارش و افزایش رویدادهای حدی به‌صورت مستقیم بر رشد و نمو زعفران اثر منفی می‌گذارند. از جمله راهبردهای فشرده­سازی اکولوژیک کشت زعفران شامل انتقال به مناطق اقلیمی خنک­تر، کاربرد هورمون‌های زیستی و سوپرجاذب‌ها، تلقیح با میکوریزا و باکتری‌های محرک رشد، تنظیم تراکم و عمق کشت، تناوب زراعی، مدیریت آبیاری، کشت مخلوط، کشت گیاهان پوششی، مدیریت بقایای گیاهی، حفظ بقایای علف‌های هرز روی سطح خاک، کوددهی، تغذیه برگی و مدیریت سن مزرعه بوده که برای بهبود سازگاری و کاهش اثرات تغییرات اقلیمی توصیه می‌شوند. 

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