Mehdi Naghous; Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini; Homayoun Farhangfar
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of saffron stigma on meat quality in broiler, 250 birds were used in five levels and five replications; 0.015 (SS15), 0.020 (SS20), 0.025 (SS25) and 0.030 g.kg-1 saffron petal (SS30) and control (C). The birds received feed and water ad libitum. At the end of experiment ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of saffron stigma on meat quality in broiler, 250 birds were used in five levels and five replications; 0.015 (SS15), 0.020 (SS20), 0.025 (SS25) and 0.030 g.kg-1 saffron petal (SS30) and control (C). The birds received feed and water ad libitum. At the end of experiment (42d), two birds were slaughtered. Meat quality parameters such as: water holding capacity, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and Malon Di Aldehyde (MDA) were measured in 1, 3 and 5 days after postmortem. Cooking loss, panel test (including tenderness, juiciness and flavour), dry mater, protein and lipid of meat evaluated in one day after postmortem. The results showed that dry mater, protein, lipid, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and cooking loss of meat were not significant among treatment. Water holding capacity were decreased significantly in control compared with other treatments (p≤0.05). Malon Di Aldehyde was significantly increased in control compared to other treatments (p≤0.05). Tenderness, juiciness and flavour were significantly decreased in control compared to SS20, SS25 and SS30 treatments (p≤0.05) but tenderness, juiciness and flavour were not significant between control and SS15. The Results showed that saffron stigma has antioxidant properties and it can be improved thigh meat quality in broiler.
Mojtaba Zeraatkar; Khalil Khalili; Abolfazl Foorginejad
Abstract
Saffron is the most expensive agriculture crop and spice in the world. There is very few information about physical and geometric properties of Saffron flower and its parts in academic resources. Due to the lack of a virtual model of Saffron flower it is difficult to analysis and design a post-harvesting ...
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Saffron is the most expensive agriculture crop and spice in the world. There is very few information about physical and geometric properties of Saffron flower and its parts in academic resources. Due to the lack of a virtual model of Saffron flower it is difficult to analysis and design a post-harvesting mechanism. By generation of a 3D geometrical model of the flower as a free form, not only obtained geometric parameters of flower, but also a more accurate mechanical behavior of the flower including its aerodynamical behavior becomes possible. In this article, using reverse engineering, 3D data of Saffron flower were extracted by employing laser scanning technology, after data pre-processing and processing, the 3D model of saffron flower as a free form was developed. Because of non-rigidity and flexibility of saffron flower and the need for scanning the hidden components including anther and stigma, there is no possibility for integrated scanning of the flower. Therefore, every component of flower must be scanned individually followed by joining various components of saffron flower, after which the whole free form rigid 3D model of saffron flower was developed. Because of the very low thickness of the petals, the extracted point clouds are interfering, and using the commercial software available in the market does not allow direct modeling of the flower using the raw scanned data. An algorithm was proposed for addressing the problem of interference in point cloud and to separate point cloud of the top surface and the bottom surface of the petal named as “projected homogenous neighbors”. The algorithm is capable of solving some problems in geometric modeling of plants and flowers.
Abbas Khashei Siuki; Seyyed Reza Hashemi; Mohsen Ahmadee
Abstract
Water stress is one of the most important factors that effect on agricultural products reduction and even in plants that are native to arid and semiarid has observed. Saffron (Corocus sativus L.) is the valuable crop that it is important to reduce the effect of drought stress. For this purpose, an experiment ...
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Water stress is one of the most important factors that effect on agricultural products reduction and even in plants that are native to arid and semiarid has observed. Saffron (Corocus sativus L.) is the valuable crop that it is important to reduce the effect of drought stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a CRD in Agricultural Research Station, University of Birjand during 2013. Zeolite in four levels: Zero (Z0), 0.5 (Z1), one (Z2) and two (Z3) as weight percentage and irrigation scheduling in three levels: traditional irrigation (I1), deficit irrigation as 70% moisture depletion (I2) and full irrigation (I3) considered as treatments. In this research, petal length, petal fresh weight, stigma length, stigma fresh weight, stamen length, stamen fresh weight, stigma dry weight and emergence percentage were studied. Results showed zeolite levels had signification effect on stigma dry weight (p≤0.001) on fresh stigma fresh weight, petal fresh weight, stamen fresh weight and stigma length and (p≤0.01). Irrigation management showed an signification effect on stigma dry weight (p≤0.001), stamen fresh weight (p≤0.01) and stigma length (p≤0.05). Zeolite levels and irrigation management had a signification effect on petal fresh weight (p≤0.01) and stigma length (p≤0.05). Stigma fresh weight influenced by zeolite application so that the use of Z1, Z2 and Z3 increased stigma fresh weight as 87, 87.5 and 94%, respectively. Stigma length also influenced by zeolite amount and irrigation scheduling so that the greatest petal length observed by application of Z1, this increase was 65% compared to control Z0. Also, increasing water use up to I3 caused change in stigma length about of 58% rather than I1. Z1 and Z2 showed the meaningful effect on petal fresh weight and increased it about 67.5 and 60% compared to control. I2 and I3 showed the meaningful effect on petal fresh weight compared to I1. Stamen fresh weight influenced by zeolite application and Z1, Z2 and Z3 increased this component about 70.5, 68.5 and 64% compared to control, respectively. Stigma dry weight increased by using more zeloites and irrigation water so that maximum yield in Z2I3, Z3I2 and Z3I3 were observed and there were no significant different among them. Due to the lack of water in Birjand, Z3I2 treatment recommended for saffron cultivation.
Reza Behravan; seyyed vahid eslami; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Eskandar Zand
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most important economic crop products of Koarasan Razavi and South Khorasan which can not compete with weed species due to low height and poor vegetation. In order to study the efficacy of 3 types of ACCase-inhibitor herbicides (cycloxydim, Haloxyfop- R methyl ...
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most important economic crop products of Koarasan Razavi and South Khorasan which can not compete with weed species due to low height and poor vegetation. In order to study the efficacy of 3 types of ACCase-inhibitor herbicides (cycloxydim, Haloxyfop- R methyl ester, quazilofop-p-ethyl) in the control of narrow-leaved weeds of saffron and effect of their applying in mixture with liquid fertilizer Prolex, a field study was carried out in Arian Shahr (South Khorasan province) during 2011. A factorial experiment with 3 replications was conducted based on RCBD using two factors including herbicide type in 3 levels (including herbicides cycloxidim, haloxyfop-R-methyl ester, quizalifop-p-ethyl) as well as a control plot with no herbicide application and liquid fertilizer in 2 levels (including Prolex foliar application and no liquid fertilizer). A 2-year saffron field was selected for this study and foliar application of the liquid fertilizer and herbicide spraying were carried out at 3-5 leaf stage of narrow leaved weed species in early February 2011. Measured traits consisted of density and biomass of narrow leaved weed species, as well as the length and dry weight of saffron leaves and its yield. Results showed that the application of Prolex increased the dry weight and yield of saffron either in mixture with herbicides or without them. Spraying the cycloxidim herbicide significantly reduced saffron yield through its negative impacts on saffron plants. In the case of haloxyfop-R-methyl ester (Gallant Super) and quizalifop-p-ethyl (Targa Super) herbicides, although there were not considerable differences in saffron yield between herbicide and non-herbicide applied plots where no mixture with liquid fertilizer had been done, there were remarkable yield increases (2-10%) where liquid fertilizer was mixed with these two herbicides. Overall, it seems that the application of the liquid fertilizer Prolex in mixture with herbicides Targa Super and Gallant Super would enhance saffron yield and provide a proper control over narrow leaved weed species.
Surur Khorramdel; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Ghorban Ali Asadi; Aboalfazl Mirshekari
Abstract
In order to study the impact of additive intercropping series of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on their yield and yield components, an experiment was conducted based on a complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, ...
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In order to study the impact of additive intercropping series of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on their yield and yield components, an experiment was conducted based on a complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Additive intercropping series were 100% saffron+20% of optimum density of cumin, 100% saffron+40% of optimum density of cumin, 100% saffron+60% of optimum density of cumin, 100% saffron+80% of optimum density of cumin, 100% saffron+100% of optimum density of cumin and their monoculture. Saffron and cumin were planted based on optimum density with 50 corms.m-2 and 120 plants.m-2, respectively. The results showed that the effect of additive intercropping series of cumin was significant (p≤0.01) on flower number, fresh weight of flower and dry weight of stigma of saffron. The highest fresh weight of flower and dry weight of stigma were observed in saffron monoculture with 291.87 and 2.77 g.m-2, respectively. Among the additive intercropping series with cumin, their maximums were obtained from 100% saffron+60% of optimum density of cumin with 214.34 and 1.98 g.m-2, respectively. Yield components, biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield of cumin were significantly affected by intercropping with saffron (p≤0.01). The highest biological yield and seed yield of cumin were achieved in monoculture with 243.08 and 120.87 g.m-2, respectively. Among the intercropping series with saffron, their highest were recorded in 100% saffron+100% of optimum density of cumin with 171.15 and 84.90 g.m-2, respectively. By increasing presence of cumin from 20 to 100% at additive intercropping series with saffron, essential oil were enhanced up to 77, 61, 39 and 19 percent. The highest land equivalent ratio was for 100% saffron+60% of optimum density of cumin with 1.12. So, it concluded that intercropping of saffron with other medicinal plant such as cumin was considered for its improvement yield.
Behrouz Sobhani
Abstract
Weather is one of the important effective factors on life of all exists that effects human and him activities. In last decades very scientific and principled methods related to climate and its use has been invited that one of these usages is in agriculture. In present research has been tried for finding ...
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Weather is one of the important effective factors on life of all exists that effects human and him activities. In last decades very scientific and principled methods related to climate and its use has been invited that one of these usages is in agriculture. In present research has been tried for finding new and suitable environment for planting of Saffron in Ardabil province. For this purpose has been used statistics data of annual raining, the rain of growing period, annual temperature, the temperature of growing period, the temperature of least (minority), the temperature of iced, high, steep, aspect of saffron physiology. In the beginning ecologic needs of agricultural plant saffron, have been supplied and so have been studied with standard decision methods for example step by step exploration. With these methods some informations have been produced and their assessment have been accomplished with pay attention to ecologic need by AHP method and at last with co incidence method in GIS environment integrated with each other. After that by composing of all climatic factors and elements has been planed the final plane of capacity of lands for saffron planting in Ardabil province. Last results shows that 41% of Ardabil province have suitable conditions for planting, 20% contain average conditions and 39 % have unsuitable conditions for planting of saffron in Ardabil province.
Zahra Soltani; Hamid Farahmand Borujeni; Abbas Abed Esfehani
Abstract
Corrosion of paper caused by iron-gall ink is a common problem in calligraphy. Although there are certain treatments to solve the problem in old calligraphic works, they have a curative function not a preventive one. In other words, calligraphic works written in commonly used inks may not be safe, a ...
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Corrosion of paper caused by iron-gall ink is a common problem in calligraphy. Although there are certain treatments to solve the problem in old calligraphic works, they have a curative function not a preventive one. In other words, calligraphic works written in commonly used inks may not be safe, a few years later, from corrosion. Interestingly, no effectively serious research has been done in this respect. In the present study, the effect of additive saffron on traditional ink was examined using laboratory techniques and tests. The aim was to find out whether the additive saffron could generate an anti-corrosive quality in gall-iron ink. In fact, the study tried to answer two basic questions: What impact(s) can saffron have on calligraphic ink and paper? How much saffron should be added to an ink so that the optimum resistance against cellulose decomposition can be generated? Having made four samples of black ink based on the instructions mentioned in old treatises, thermal accelerated tests were done on them following determined standards. pH and color intensity of the samples were measured. In addition, in order to examine the samples more closely, they were tested in terms of Fourier-Infrared transform spectroscopy as well as Uv-Vis spectroscopy. The methodology was a descriptive-analytic one. The results showed that adding saffron to ink prevents paper corrosion resulted from iron-gall effect. The reason seems to be that saffron solution functions as a buffer and as the ink concentration increases so does the buffer intensity. Data were gathered based on library sources and laboratory tests.
Mehdi Bayat; Reza Amir Niya; Mehdi Taj Bakhsh; Bhatyn Tanyvlach
Abstract
In order to study the genetic diversity of saffron, six cropping ecotypes from different regions of Razavi Khorasan province (Mashhad, Torbat-e Jam, Gonabad and Torbat-e Heydrieh) and South Khorasan province (Qaen and Birjand) were collected and evaluated with two molecular marker systems, iPBS and SSR. ...
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In order to study the genetic diversity of saffron, six cropping ecotypes from different regions of Razavi Khorasan province (Mashhad, Torbat-e Jam, Gonabad and Torbat-e Heydrieh) and South Khorasan province (Qaen and Birjand) were collected and evaluated with two molecular marker systems, iPBS and SSR. The results of molecular analysis showed that 28 iPBS markers and 22 SSR markers were detected 179 and 44 polymorphic alleles, respectively. The numbers of amplified bands for each marker were 3-10 (average 6.4) and 1-3 (average 2), respectively. Also, the average of polymorphism information content (PIC) for SSR and iPBS markers were estimated 0.79 and 0.40, respectively. On the other hand, the results of molecular variance analysis showed that the variance within ecotypes was more than between ecotypes based on iPBS markers, while the variance between ecotypes was greater than within ecotypes based on SSR markers.Also, cluster analysis grouped saffron ecotypes in three clusters and this classification was approved by principal coordinate analysis (PcoA). However, ecotypes Gonabad and Birjand and ecotypes Torbat-e Heydarieh and Qaen had no significant differences with each other in respect to both cluster analyses. Also, high genetic similarities between all saffron ecotypes were reported. Overall, the results of the present study showed that although both markers were efficient to assess genetic diversity of saffron but the iPBS markers in comparison with the SSR markers were higher efficiency to determine the genetic diversity of studied saffron ecotypes.
Ali Khavari; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Gholam Reza Zamani; Sohrab Mahmoodi
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of corm weights and planting methods on corm and flower yield of saffron, an experiment was conducted at Esfeden as split-plot based on randomized complete block with four replications during growing 2012-2013. Studied traits were of flower number, flower weight, stigma ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of corm weights and planting methods on corm and flower yield of saffron, an experiment was conducted at Esfeden as split-plot based on randomized complete block with four replications during growing 2012-2013. Studied traits were of flower number, flower weight, stigma and style fresh weight, stigma and style dry weight, number of daughter corms and weight of daughter corm. Treatments were three planting methods including mass (traditional), strip and furrow as the main factor and three corm weights such as 6-8, 9-11 and 12-14 g as the sub factor. Results showed that corm weight had the greatest effect on yield of saffron. By increasing corm weight from 6-8 to 9-11 g, yield of flower and stigma and style were improved to 161.65 and 176.19%, respectively. Also, increasing corm weight from 9-11 to 12-14 g, yield of flower and stigma and style raised 44.74 and 47.40%, respectively. Planting method had not significant effect on saffron yield. The number and weight of daughter corms were significantly affected by planting methods and corm weight. The maximum number and weight of daughter corms were for furrow planting and the minimum numbers of daughter corms belong to mass planting and minimum weight of daughter corms were observed from strip planting method. Also the maximum and minimum number and weight of daughter corms resulted in 12-14 and 6-8 g.m-2 corm, respectively. Interaction effects between planting method and corm weight were not significant on saffron yield, just affected the number of daughter corms. As corm weight 12-14 g in furrow planting with 170.8 corms accounted the maximum number of daughter corms per m2, while the corm weight 6-8 g in the mass planting with 74.89 corms had the minimum number of daughter corms per m2. Therefore, by ranking and planting of bigger corms in the first year the same product can be obtained as a traditional farmer can achieved in the third year and the year after, consequently this method could be save the time and costs for farmers.
Fatemeh Amirian; Seyyd Mohammad Ali Kargar
Abstract
In order to study of the effects of gibberellin, corm weight and phosphoric fertilizer on flowering and other traits of saffron an experiment was conducted using factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2011. The factors were including: A (corm size with three ...
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In order to study of the effects of gibberellin, corm weight and phosphoric fertilizer on flowering and other traits of saffron an experiment was conducted using factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2011. The factors were including: A (corm size with three levels as 4, 6 and 8 gram), B (treatment in gibberellin as 0, 200 and 400 ppm) and C (consumption phosphoric fertilizer as 0 and 120 kg.ha-1) that studied on 9 morphological traits on Ghaen echotype. The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences on the most of studied traits at 1% levels. Based on comparison of means, the interaction of AB showed (consumption of 200 ppm gibberellic acid on the corms with 8 gram of weight) had the highest mean of Stigma length and (consumption of 400 ppm gibberellic acid on the corms with 8 gram of weight) was in the second grade. In comparison effect of A factor on mean of dry weight of Stigma , (the corms with 4 and 6 gram in weight) were the effective factors. The effect of C factor on dry weight of Stigma showed (consumption of 120 kg/ha phosphoric fertilizer) had the highest mean at 1% level. The mean comparison of the effect of interaction AB showed (consumption the corms with 6 gram in weight, without consumption gibberellic acid) was the first grade. The evaluation of effects of BC on dry weight of Stigma showed (consumption 120 kg/ha phosphoric fertilizer without gibberellin consumption) had the highest effect on mentioned trait and (consumption 400 ppm hormone with 120 kg/ha fertilizer) was in the second grade. The consumption of intermediate gibberellin levels on the corms with median weight was better response on Stigma yield generally.