masoome shakeri; Mohammed Ali Behdani; Seyed Jalal Tabatabaei
Abstract
Proper plant density and emphasis on high density cultivating patterns and mother corm weight during the first years of cultivation to achieve high yield and reduce the length of the operation cycle of saffron farms, should be considered by farmers. The effects of plant density and mother corm weight ...
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Proper plant density and emphasis on high density cultivating patterns and mother corm weight during the first years of cultivation to achieve high yield and reduce the length of the operation cycle of saffron farms, should be considered by farmers. The effects of plant density and mother corm weight on flower yield and growth characteristics of saffron were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were three levels of plant density (100, 200 and 300 per m2) and three mother corm weights (0.1- 4, 4.1- 8 and 8.1- 12 g). The experiment was designed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research station of Faculty of Agriculture University of Birjand during growing season of 2016-2017. The results indicated that plant density and corm weight had significant effect on the fresh weight of flower, fresh yield of flower, dry yield of stigma and fresh weight of leaf. There were significant different between some characteristics (fresh yield of flower and dry yield of stigma) by interaction plant density and corm weight treatments, so that, the highest fresh yield of flower and dry yield of stigma were obtained (9.88 and 2.41 kg/ha, respectively), from corm weight with 8.1-12 g and plant density with 300 corm/m2, and the lowest were observed from corm weight with 0.1-4 g and plant density of 100 corms per m2. The highest fresh weight of leaves and flower were obtained from 8.1-12 g and 300 corms per m2. Also, the highest and lowest attributes of flower were observed from corm weight with 8.1-12 g and 0.1-4 g, respectively. It was found that corm weight had significant effect on leaves characteristics (length, fresh weight and dry weight of leaf, chl a, chl b and total chl), so that the highest these attributes were obtained from corm weight with 8.1-12 g. In general, the use of corm weight 8.1-12 g and plant density 300 corms per m2 had an effective role in increasing the yield of saffron.
Mohammad Ali Behdani; Mahdi Gerami Sadeghian; Seyed Vahid Eslami; Mohammad Hossein Aminifard
Abstract
To investigate the effects of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® on qualitative traits and secondary metabolites of saffron, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the ...
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To investigate the effects of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® on qualitative traits and secondary metabolites of saffron, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Ferdows the during growing season of 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included four levels of Acadian seaweed extract® (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg. l000 L-1 water) and four levels of liquid Biomix poultry manure® (0, 2, 4 and 6 L. l000 L-1 water). Measured traits included phenol, anthocyanin, crocin, picrocrocin, safranal, and fresh and dry stigma yield. Results showed the effect of treatments was significant on the studied traits. So that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian seaweed extracts® was 26% more than the control. Liquid poultry manure® also had a significant effect on secondary metabolites of saffron, so that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure® was 24% more than the control. Interaction between Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® had a significant effect on anthocyanin, crocin, safranal, and phenol content. The highest increase was observed in 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian® and 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure®. Also, the use of seaweed extract® had a significant effect on stigma yield, so that the yield of fresh stigma (13%) and dry stigma (20%) in the treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 seaweed extracts® was higher than the control. According to the results of this study, the use of seaweed Acadian® (2 kg. l000 L-1 water) alone or in combination with Biomix poultry manure® (6 L. l000 L-1water) can play an important role in enhancing the yield and quality characteristics of saffron.
yahya choopan; Abotaleb hezarJaribi; Khalil Ghorbani; Mousa Hesam; Abbas Khashei-Siuki
Abstract
Due to the dry climate and severe water shortages in the northeastern regions of the country, the cultivation of crops that have low water requirements and at the same time have good economic productivity is considered. In this regard, a study in the form of a randomized complete block design with three ...
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Due to the dry climate and severe water shortages in the northeastern regions of the country, the cultivation of crops that have low water requirements and at the same time have good economic productivity is considered. In this regard, a study in the form of a randomized complete block design with three treatments: type of irrigation source (well water W1 and treated wastewater of municipal wastewater W2), type of irrigation system (irrigation surface S1 and subsurface irrigation of drops S2) and time Irrigation (custom of the region or 15 Mehr T1, 15 days delay T2 and 30 days delay T3) was done in the crop year 1398 in Torbat Heydariyeh. The results of data analysis and comparison of the mean of treatments showed that due to the interaction of water type, type of irrigation system and irrigation time on all quantitative and qualitative indicators of saffron (number of flowers, fresh weight of flowers, dry weight of stigma, dry weight of cream, coarse index Flower, picroxine, crocin, safranal, moisture, mold and total coliform) except for the stigma dry weight which was significant at 5% probability level, other traits became insignificant. The highest values for number of flowers, fresh flower weight and stigma dry weight were observed in W1S1T2 treatment with values of 55.3 per square meter, 16.6 and 0.85 g / m2, respectively. The results also showed that in the qualitative traits of picroxine, crocin and safranal, the best value for W2S2T3 treatment with 93, 33.6 and 263.3 (maximum absorption) and the best total coliform in W1S1T3 treatment with 11000 units per gram was obtained. Came. In general, municipal wastewater (Taking into account health and food issues), subsurface system and other irrigation times can be used in saffron cultivation.
Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Surur Khorramdel; Fatemeh Moalem Benhangi
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment, evaluation of cow manure and irrigation levels on flower and corms of saffron using Central Composite Design was done with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. ...
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The purpose of this experiment, evaluation of cow manure and irrigation levels on flower and corms of saffron using Central Composite Design was done with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The treatments were based on low and high cow manure levels (0 and 80 t.ha-1, respectively) and water (120 and 50 percent of water requirement, respectively). The results showed that the linear component's effect was significant on (p≤0.05) daughter corm diameter and numbers of daughter corms for 4-8 g. The square component's effect was significant on (p≤0.05) flower number, fresh weight of flower, the dried weight of stigma, and daughter corm diameter. The interaction effect of full quadratic was significant (p≤0.05) on the dried weight of daughter corms. Lack of fit test had no significant effect on the studied traits. The response variables' full square model gave insignificant lack-of-fit, indicating that the data were satisfactorily explained. The highest values of dried weight of stigma, fresh weight of flower, and flower number were observed for 16 t cow manure per ha+ 5440 m3 water per ha (with, respectively 0.65 and 27.75 g.m-2and 60 No.m-2). The maximum amount for dried weight of daughter corms was observed for 32 t cow manure per ha+ 3200 m3 water per ha (with 4463.31 g.m-2). It is necessary to use 4693.33 m3 water per ha 30.12 t cow manure per ha to obtain optimum conditions under the economic scenario (with desirability index= 0.72).
somayeh khoshpeyk; reza sadrabadi haghghi; ahmad ahmadian
Abstract
Our country due to relying on Faryab agriculture, extremely exposed to salinization of land and water resources. Salinity generally has a significant effect on all morphological, physiological, biochemical, anatomical traits of most plants and It has a negative effect on growth, survival and plant production. ...
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Our country due to relying on Faryab agriculture, extremely exposed to salinization of land and water resources. Salinity generally has a significant effect on all morphological, physiological, biochemical, anatomical traits of most plants and It has a negative effect on growth, survival and plant production. In order to study the effect of irrigation water quality and application of silicon, nanosilicon and superabsorbent polymer on the yield and amount of active ingredients of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Experiment as split plots in a randomized complete block design, in three replications and three cropping years was done in a farm located in Ziauddin section of Torbat Heydariyeh city. The main factor of irrigation water quality in two levels (Includes water with electrical conductivity of 2 dS/m as a control and water with an electrical conductivity of 6 dS/m) and sub-factor of application of silicon and adsorbent polymer in six levels, (Includes non-consumption as a control, Silicon, nanosilicon each with a concentration of 1.5 per thousand, Bolourab A (0.4 g/kg dry weight of soil). Silicon with Bolourab A and Nano Silicon with Bolourab A.). The study included morphological characteristics such as number of leaves, corm, flowers and stigmas per hectare, leaf yield, corm, flowers and stigmas per hectare, Leaf length and width, average weight of corm and flowers, stigma length and Physiological characteristics included chlorophyll, safranal, crocin and picrocrocin. The results showed that salinity reduced and consumed silicon and super absorbent in both salinity treatments and lack of salinity stress significantly increases important traits of reproductive growth, Includes, Flower number, average stigma length, average weight of a single, yield of flower, yield of stigma and the amount of active ingredients in the stigma (Crocin, Safranal, Picrocrocin) it was tested every 3 years. The effect of treatments on vegetative growth traits of saffron leaves, includes leaf number, leaf yield, chlorophyll A and B content, also on the characteristics of produced female corms including total number of female corms, average corm weight, dry matter and yield of corm. The use of nanosilicon together with superabsorbent in saline conditions increases the flower and stigma yield of saffron in the second year by 46.8% and 54.3%, respectively, compared to the first year, and also increases the flower and stigma yield by 60.1% and 57.8% in the third year compared to the second year. The experimental results showed that the combined application of nano silicon and super absorbent increased the quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron in salinity conditions.
Ehsan Azimirad; Seyyed Reza Movahhed Ghodsinya; hamed kaveh
Abstract
Agricultural industries with other important industries in the country require to the use of sensors, detectors and gas analyzers. The main task of these analyzers is to detect of the different gases types and environmental pollutants and analyze the information obtained from it, to determine the physiological ...
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Agricultural industries with other important industries in the country require to the use of sensors, detectors and gas analyzers. The main task of these analyzers is to detect of the different gases types and environmental pollutants and analyze the information obtained from it, to determine the physiological quality of plant growth, measure the shelf life of harvested organs, such as flowers, fruits and suchlike. Saffron is one of the strategic products of the southern and central regions of greater Khorasan, which has unique characteristics in various aspects, from the effect on employment, the economy of these regions and productivity in the consumption of agricultural inputs, such as water. Production of saffron at current costs will be cost-effective only if its growth is modeled in the climatic conditions of different regions of Khorasan and by carefully examining gas exchanges and recommending the use of inputs based solely on precise agricultural principles. On the other hand, the short life of saffron flowers, which makes the processing mechanism difficult (harvesting, separating and drying the flower components), can be increased by carefully studying gas exchanges. In this paper, an electronic system based on electrochemical sensors is presented, which, by simulating the interaction of gases, detects the gases types in the environment around the saffron plant and displays them on the screen. Analysis of the information obtained from the amount of gases detected around of the plant (in terms of PPM and VOL (%)), can provide solutions by agricultural and saffron researchers to improve the quality of growth, maintain flowers longer in the post-harvest period and the possibility of provide saffron production with controlled gas conditions in the greenhouse environment.
Amirreza Konjkav Monfared
Abstract
Today, information technology and e-commerce play an important role in successfully entering the foreign market and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of exports of agricultural products, including saffron. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Internet marketing capabilities ...
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Today, information technology and e-commerce play an important role in successfully entering the foreign market and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of exports of agricultural products, including saffron. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Internet marketing capabilities on the export and communications marketing capabilities. This research in terms of nature is quantitatively and in terms of purpose is applied. The variables of this research include Internet marketing capabilities, access to information, international strategic orientation, company empirical knowledge, international communication capabilities and export marketing capabilities, which were measured using a questionnaire. The method of data collection is a field-library method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS20 and Smat-PLS2 software using structural equation modeling. The results of this study showed that internet marketing capabilities have a significant effect on information availability and experimental knowledge, as well as information availability has a significant effect on international strategic orientation and international communication capabilities. International strategic orientation has a significant effect on international communication capabilities and export marketing capabilities. Ultimately, the company's experimental knowledge has a significant impact on the export marketing capabilities. Since awareness of the needs of the global saffron market is one of the most important requirements to enter the foreign market. Therefore, companies should use marketing research to access information on international markets. Export companies should also take extensive measures to promote Iranian saffron through advertising planning. In this regard, online advertising and social networks advertising on can play an important role in branding this product worldwide.
yasin zamani; Seyed Arman Hashemi Monfared; Mehdi Azhdary Moghaddam; Mohsen Hamidianpour
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of climate change on the water requirement of saffron in 13 regions of South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi for three periods of 2030-2050, 2055-2075 and 2080-2100 using the Hybrid algorithms ANN-NSGA-II and ANN-ICA. For the first time, this research has obtained the ...
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This study investigates the effects of climate change on the water requirement of saffron in 13 regions of South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi for three periods of 2030-2050, 2055-2075 and 2080-2100 using the Hybrid algorithms ANN-NSGA-II and ANN-ICA. For the first time, this research has obtained the water requirement of saffron based on climate change using the CMIP6 models and the scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585. In addition, for the first time, the main parameters of CMIP6 models have been calculated for the prediction of climatic variables. Statistical downscaling method and inverse distance weighting technique were used for downscaling and spatial interpolation of CMIP6 data, respectively. The ANN-NSGA-II model was used to select suitable parameters and the ANN-ICA model was used to predict the future of climatic variables and finally the Cropwat model was used to calculate the water requirement of saffron. The results of parameter selection showed that Hfls and Hfss parameters were selected for future prediction in 90% of cases. The mean percentage of precipitation decrease and increase of temperature of maximum and minimum were calculated for GFDL-CM4, MIROC6, and NorESM2-LM models (8.6, -1, 10), (10, 5.7, 8.7), and (6.6, 0.6, 9.1) in SSP245 scenario and (5.7, 5.6, 13), (12, 2.4, 11.6), and (8.2, 4.7, 3/17) in SSP585 scenario, respectively. The Water demand increased in 90% of stations, GCMs, and scenarios compared to the base period. The highest increase in water requirement was obtained in Golmakan for the MIROC6 model and the period of 2055-2075 with the amount of 87.1.
Mohammad Reza Naghavi; Abolfazl Tavassoli
Abstract
Identifying the molecular-protein mechanism of saffron against osmotic stress in Iran which is one of the arid and semi-arid countries in the world is of particular importance. For this purpose and to investigate the response to osmotic stress applied with different concentrations of PEG6000, an experiment ...
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Identifying the molecular-protein mechanism of saffron against osmotic stress in Iran which is one of the arid and semi-arid countries in the world is of particular importance. For this purpose and to investigate the response to osmotic stress applied with different concentrations of PEG6000, an experiment is performed using two saffron landraces of Torbat Heydarieh and Marand by hydroponic culture at the vegetative growth stage (seedling) in the greenhouse. Two weeks after osmotic stress, sampling was performed from all experimental units. According to the results, Torbat Heydarieh landrace was in a better condition than Marand landrace in terms of protein reaction under osmotic stress. Also, the results of proteomic analysis of two landraces showed that among 17 significant protein spots between control and osmotic stress treatments, four protein spots between two common landraces and six and seven protein spots were unique to Torbat Heydarieh and Marand landraces, respectively. In interpreting the specific response, it can be stated that the more tolerant landrace of Torbat Heydarieh under stress was more active in the path of antioxidant defense and included increased activity of harpin binding protein 1 and peroxiredoxin. While the more sensitive landrace Marand had more damage in different biological pathways by reducing the activity of proteins, especially the reduction of Thylakoid lumenal protein 29.8 kDa protein involved in photosynthetic light reaction. In general, the different protein responses of the landraces and the most important protein reactions and important metabolic pathways of the studied landraces of saffron were identified.
Jalal Rooki; Majid Ghorbani Javid; Iraj Alahdadi; Gholamali Akbari; Hossein Ramshini
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of humic acid as liquid form and mother corm weight on flower yield and active substances of saffron, a field experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during June, 2016 at saffron research farm ...
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In order to investigate the effects of humic acid as liquid form and mother corm weight on flower yield and active substances of saffron, a field experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during June, 2016 at saffron research farm of College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran located in Pakdasht, east south of Tehran province. Experimental factors were consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 25, 50 and 100 L.ha-1) and mother corm weights including small (3-5g) and large (8-10g). Humic acid was applied in early September companion with first irrigation. The results showed that number of flower, fresh weight of flower, and dry weight of stigma and number of days to flowering was significantly influenced by humic acid levels while stigma length was not affected by humic acid. The highest number of flowers (11.3 No.m-2) was obtained in 25 L.ha-1 humic acid as well as large corms, while the lowest was recorded in control (2.3 No.m-2). Also humic acid application improved active ingredients. The highest value of picrocin (92.2%) was obtained from 25 L.ha-1 humic acid as well as large coms. The most safranal (44.81%) was obtained in 50 L.ha-1 humic acid and the least content was observed in control (32.68%). Totally, the results indicated that use of humic acid, while improving soil properties, water saving, dissolution and release of elements, and subsequently more uptake by the roots of large corms led to improved flower characteristics and the active ingredients of saffron stigma.
alireza Ramandi; mahboobeh NASERI; iman yousefijavan
Abstract
The study of pharmacological properties of saffron and its effective substances is important considering its clinical and health applications. Arterial and venous blood clot embolism is the most common cause of death worldwide, and cardiovascular disease currently accounts for almost half of all non-communicable ...
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The study of pharmacological properties of saffron and its effective substances is important considering its clinical and health applications. Arterial and venous blood clot embolism is the most common cause of death worldwide, and cardiovascular disease currently accounts for almost half of all non-communicable diseases. Saffron is one of the medicinal plants used in Iranian medicine to treat heart disease. In this regard, according to reports on lipid peroxidation in platelet membranes and inhibition of platelet adhesion in the blood of healthy people by the use of saffron. In this regard, an experiment was performed to investigate the effect of saffron style extract on blood coagulation process in rats. In a 21-day period, the effect of concentrations of 15, 25 and 50 mg/kg of aqueous extract of saffron style in eight replicates on the parameters of prothrombin (PT), relative thromboplastin time (APPT) and coagulation time (CT) One-month-old male rats were studied in the laboratory of the Faculty of Basic Sciences of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the results were analyzed by t-test. Concentration of 50 mg/kg caused a significant increase in prothrombin time. In measuring thromboplastin time, the concentration of 25 aqueous extracts of saffron style made a significant difference at the level of 5% compared to the control. Blood coagulation time in all treatments was 7 seconds. Treatment of 15 mg/kg aqueous extract of saffron straw caused a significant reduction (at the level of 5%) in the number of blood platelets. The findings of this study show the coagulation effect of aqueous extract of saffron style and can be helpful for the optimal clinical use of saffron and also in conducting additional research in this field.
Surur Khorramdel; Fatemeh Moallem Banhangi; Javad Shabahang
Abstract
Proper agronomic management is an important factor for reducing interference between plants and better absorption of resources. Therefore, nutrients loss due to soil erosion, and increased soil temperature are the most obvious problems in saffron farming systems. Herein in this study the effects of agronomic ...
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Proper agronomic management is an important factor for reducing interference between plants and better absorption of resources. Therefore, nutrients loss due to soil erosion, and increased soil temperature are the most obvious problems in saffron farming systems. Herein in this study the effects of agronomic parameters such as corm rates and planting depths on flower yield, stigma yield, daughter corm yield and quality of saffron were evaluated at the Agricultural Research Field, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during a two-year field experiment (during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020) as factorial layout with a randomized complete block design based on on-farm trials. Treatments were mother corm rates (10, 15 and 20 t corms per ha), and two planting depths (5 and 10 cm). Studied criteria were flower numbers per area, fresh flower yield, dried stigma yield, total weight of daughter corms, total number of daughter corms, daughter corm diameter, number and weight of daughter corms in three groups such as <4, 4.1-8 and >8.1 g and quality (such as crocin, picrocrocin and safranal) in the second year of experiment. The results showed that the planting depth had not significant effect on flower yield and corm yield. Increasing mother corm rate from 10 to 20 t per ha improved flower number (112 flowers per m2), fresh weight of flower (49.71 g/m2) and dried weight of stigma (1.11 g/m2). The highest daughter corm yield was observed in 20 t corms per ha+ 10 cm (181.3 g/m2). Based on the results, if the purpose of saffron cultivation is to achieve the highest flower yield in the first year, it is recommended to increase corm density. However, if the purpose is to obtain the maximum daughter corm yield, so the corm rates per unit area should be considered less. In sum, considering the water shortage especially in arid and semi-arid regions, agronomic management increases land efficiency, improves flower yield and corm yield and increase farmers’ income during perennial life cycle of saffron as a niche crop.