Optimization of Manure and Irrigation Levels on Flower and Corm Yields of Saffron by Using a Central Composite Design

Rezvani Moghaddam, Parviz; Khorramdel, Surur; Moalem Benhangi, Fatemeh

doi:10.22077/jsr.2021.4086.1152

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2021.4086.1152

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment, evaluation of cow manure and irrigation levels on flower and corms of saffron using Central Composite Design was done with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The treatments were based on low and high cow manure levels (0 and 80 t.ha^-1, respectively) and water (120 and 50 percent of water requirement, respectively). The results showed that the linear component's effect was significant on (p≤0.05) daughter corm diameter and numbers of daughter corms for 4-8 g. The square component's effect was significant on (p≤0.05) flower number, fresh weight of flower, the dried weight of stigma, and daughter corm diameter. The interaction effect of full quadratic was significant (p≤0.05) on the dried weight of daughter corms. Lack of fit test had no significant effect on the studied traits. The response variables' full square model gave insignificant lack-of-fit, indicating that the data were satisfactorily explained. The highest values of dried weight of stigma, fresh weight of flower, and flower number were observed for 16 t cow manure per ha+ 5440 m3 water per ha (with, respectively 0.65 and 27.75 g.m^-2and 60 No.m-2). The maximum amount for dried weight of daughter corms was observed for 32 t cow manure per ha+ 3200 m3 water per ha (with 4463.31 g.m^-2). It is necessary to use 4693.33 m3 water per ha 30.12 t cow manure per ha to obtain optimum conditions under the economic scenario (with desirability index= 0.72).

Keywords

References

Akhtar, S., Shakeel, S., Mehmood, A., Hamid, A., & Saif, S. )2013(. Comparative analysis of animal manure for soil conditioning. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 4‌ (12), 3360-3365.

Aslan, N. (2007). Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for modeling the influence of some operating variables of a multi-gravity separator for chromite concentration. Powder Technology 86, 769-776.

Alizadeh, A., Sayari, N., Ahmadian, J., & Mohamadian, A. (2009). Study for zoning the most appropriate time of irrigation of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) in Khorasan Razavi, north and southern provinces. Journal of Water and Soil. 23, 109–118. [In Persian].

Behdani, M.A., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2006). Evaluation of quantitative relationships between saffron yield and nutrition (on farm trial). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3, 1–14. [In Persian].

Ebrahimi, M., Pouyan, M., & Mahdi Nezhad, M. (2019). Effect of organic fertilizers and mother-corm size on flower and corm yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the first year. Journal of Saffron Research, 7(1), 13-28. [In Persian].

El-Naggar, A.H., & El-Nasharty, A.B. (2009). Effect of growing media and mineral fertilization on growth, flowering, bulbs productivity and chemical constituents of Hippeastrum vittatum, Herb. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 6: 360-371.

Fallahi, H., & Mahmoodi, S. (2018). Influence of organic and chemical fertilization on growth and flowering of saffron under two irrigation regimes. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 6‌ (2), 147-166. [In Persian].

Gresta, F., Santonoceto, C., & Avola, G. (2016). Crop rotation as an effective strategy for saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation. Scientia Horticulturae, 211, 34-39.

Kalavathy, H.M., Regupathib, I., Pillai, M.G., & Miranda, L.R. (2009). Modelling, analysis and optimization of adsorption parameters for H3PO4 activated rubber wood sawdust using response surface methodology‌ (RSM). Colloids and Surfaces B: Bionterfaces, 70, 35-45.

Khorramdel, S., Abolhassani, L., & Azam Rahmati, E., (2017). Environmental impacts assessment of saffron agroecosystems using life cycle assessment methodology: (Case study: Torbat-e Heydarieh and Ghaen counties). Journal of Saffron Research 4(2), 229-248. [In Persian].

Khorramdel, S., Moallem Banhangi, F., & Shabahng, J. (2020a). Optimization of cow manure and leaf spraying with Dalfard rates on flower and corm yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) using a Central Composite Design. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology 9(1), 3-27. [In Persian].

Khorramdel, S., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Latifi, H., & Farzaneh Belgerdi, M.R. (2020b). Comparison between energy, environmental and economic indicators of irrigated wheat and saffron agroecosystems in Khorasan-e Razavi Province. Journal of Saffron Research in Press. [In Persian].

Khorramdel, S., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Ghafori, A. (2018b). Economic evaluation of agroecosystem services of saffron in the Khorasan Razavi province. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 6(1): 73-89. [In Persian].

Khorramdel, S Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Moallem Banhangi, F., & Shabahang, J. (2019). Optimization of cow manure levels and corm weight in saffron (Crocus sativus L) by Central Composite Design. Journal of Saffron Research, 6(2), 233-249.

(In Persian with English Summary).

Koocheki, A.‌ (2013). Research on production of Saffron in Iran: Past trend and future prospects. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 1(1):3-21. [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Jamshid Eyni, M., & Seyyedi, S.M.‌ (2015a). The effects of mother corm size and type of fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency in saffron. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2‌ (4), 243-254. [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Khorramdel, S. & Morid Ahmadi, S. (2017). Optimization of plant density and nitrogen use in corn (Zea mays L.) by Central Composite Design. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Reserch. 15(4), 798-810. [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mollafilabi, A., & Seyyedi, S.M. (2013). The effects of high corm density and manure on agronomic characteristics and corms behavior of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the second year. Journal of Saffron Research 1 (2), 144-155. [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mollafilabi, A., & Seyyedi, S. (2015b). Effects of corm planting density and manure rates on flower and corm yields of saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.) in the first year after planting. Journal of Agroecology 6‌ (4): 719-729.‌ [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Seyyedi, S. M., & Eyni, M. J.‌ (2014). Effect of irrigation levels and high corm density on growth and phosphorus uptake of daughter corms of saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 16‌ (3), 222-235.‌ [In Persian].

Koocheki, A., Seyyedi, S.M., & Gharaei, S. (2016). Evaluation of the effects of saffron cumin intercropping on growth, quality and land equivalent ratio under semi-arid conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 201, 190–198. [In Persian].

Abolhassani, L., Khorramdel, S., Reed, M., & Saghaian. S. (2020). Environmental-Economic Analysis of Saffron Production. In: M., (Eds.). Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 545 p.

Latifi, H., khorramdel, S., Nassiri Mahallati, M., & Farzaneh Belgerdi, M. (2018). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on yield and nitrogen efficiency indices of sesame using a central composite design. Journal of Plant Production Research, 25(3), 125-140. [In Persian].

Liu, E., Yan, C., Mei, X., He, W., Bing, S.H., Ding, L., Liu, Q., Liu, S., & Fan, T., (2010). Longterm effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma 158,173–180.

Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad.‌ (2019). Agricultural statistics,‌ (Vol. 2). Islamic Republic of Iran, Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad Press, Iran. [In Persian].

Moallem Banhangi, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Asadi, G., & Khorramdel, S. (2019). Effects of different amounts of corms and planting depths of corms on flower and corm yield of saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.). Journal Saffron Agronomy and Technology 7‌ (1), 55-67. [In Persian].

Monemizadeh, Z., ghasemi, M., & sadrabadi, R. (2016). Review of Organic Fertilizers Impacts on Agriculture of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Land Management Journal, 4.1(1), 55-77. [In Persian].

Molina, R.V., Valero, M., Navarro, Y., Guardiola J.L., & Garcia-Luice, A. (2005). Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulture 103, 361-379.

Mollafilabi, A., & Khorramdel, S.‌ (2016). Effects of cow manure and foliar spraying on agronomic criteria and yield of saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.) in a six year old farm. Saffron agronomy and technology, 3‌ (4), 237-249. [In Persian].

Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Amin Ghafouri, A., & MahlujiRad, M. (2015). Optimizing corm size and density in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation by central composite design. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology 3(3), 161-177. [In Persian].

Rasoulzadeh, A., & Yaghoub, A. (2010). Effect of cattle manure on soil physical properties on a sandy clay loam soil in North-West Iran. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 8‌(2), 976-979. [In Persian].

Rezvani Moghaddam P., Mohammad AbadiA., FalahiH. R., & Aghhavani shajariM.‌ (2014). Effects of nutrient management on flower yield and corm characteristics of saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Horticulture Science, 28‌ (3), 427-434. [In Persian].

Safari, M., Khajoui, G.R., Maghsoudi Moud, A.A., & Mohammadi Nejhad, G.‌ (2018). Effect of different rates and application methods of super-absorbent polymer in saffron cultivation under different irrigation levels. Journal of Saffron Research, 5‌ (2), 231-246. [In Persian].

Shahriary, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Jahan, M., & Khorasani, R. (2018). Effects of nutrition management on saffron‌ (Crocus sativus L.) stigma and flower yield. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 6(2), 181-196. [In Persian].

Wu, C.F.J., & Hamada, M. (2000). Experiments: Planning, Analysis, and Parameter Design Optimization. New York.

Yarami, N., Kamgar-Haghighi, A.A., Sepaskhah, A.R., & Zand-Parsa, S., (2011). Determination of the potential evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for saffron using a water-balance lysimeter. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57(7), 727-740