Impact of Climate Change on Saffron Production: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

2 PhD Student, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction: Climatic factors are regarded as the most important determinants of saffron yield, as this plant occupies a specific ecological niche in various regions around the world. Among these factors, temperature has been identified as the most significant environmental influence on flowering and the quality characteristics of saffron. The life cycle of saffron begins with the dormancy of the mother corms during the summer, a stage in which the corms show no morphological changes or visible growth. In spring, photosynthetic materials are transferred from the leaves to the corms, leading to the senescence and yellowing of the leaves from the tip toward the base. At this stage, the daughter corms have fully developed and are prepared for dormancy. Flower induction primarily occurs at high temperatures during the summer, after which it is essential for the plant to be exposed to lower temperatures to initiate flowering.
Saffron cultivation offers numerous environmental benefits, including climate regulation, pollination, air quality improvement, oxygen production, soil stabilization and conservation, biodiversity preservation, and carbon sequestration. The management practices employed by women in saffron fields tend to have a lower environmental impact due to their deep ecological knowledge, resulting in a reduced carbon footprint.
The objective of this article is to investigate the effects of climatic factors, particularly temperature and precipitation, on the growth characteristics, flower and corm yield, and quality attributes of saffron. To this end, some practical and sustainable management strategies for this crop are proposed.
 
Results and Discussion: Temperature indicators such as the number of hot summer days, warm nights, maximum and minimum temperatures, and cold days throughout the year directly affect the growth stages of saffron, including flowering and the formation of daughter corms. The primary stages of vegetative and reproductive growth in saffron are influenced by climatic parameters, including the maximum allocation of dry matter to daughter corms, flowering induction, and flower emergence. In recent years, climate change has adversely impacted saffron growth through temperature fluctuations, cold stress, and damage from pests and diseases, leading to significant reductions in both yield quantity and quality. Increased temperatures during the flowering induction stage can result in lower yields due to delays in flowering, shorter flowering periods, and a decrease in the number of flowers. The process of flowering induction in summer halts at temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius and below 10 degrees Celsius. The optimal temperature for flowering induction in saffron is reported to be around 23 degrees Celsius. Additionally, temperatures above 23 degrees or below 15 degrees Celsius prevent flower emergence in autumn, with the ideal temperature for this stage being approximately 18 degrees Celsius. Rising temperatures negatively affect the duration of flowering, yield, and quality characteristics of the flowers while also shortening the flowering period. In addition to temperature, other climatic factors such as precipitation also influence saffron production. For instance, decreased rainfall combined with increased evapotranspiration can lead to drought stress and reduced yields. Changes in precipitation patterns and an increase in extreme climatic events such as droughts, frosts, and floods directly impact saffron growth and development.
 
Conclusion:Overall, climate change significantly affects the yield of flowers, stigmas, and corms, as well as the quality characteristics of saffron. In recent years, climatic changes have led to a decline in both the yield and quality of saffron. Three critical sensitive periods for saffron plants concerning climatic parameters include maximum allocation of photosynthetic materials to daughter corms, flower induction, and flower emergence. An increase in temperature above optimal levels during these periods severely reduces yield. Elevated temperatures during the flowering period result in delayed onset and reduced duration of this phase, causing a substantial decrease in flower yield.
Given saffron's higher economic and ecological resilience in integrated agricultural-livestock systems, it is essential to implement effective management strategies that enhance the resilience of agricultural systems by incorporating saffron cultivation. To address the challenges posed by climate change and maintain sustainable saffron production, it is recommended to adopt principles of sustainable and ecological intensification in agricultural systems. This can be achieved by improving nutrient use efficiency and replacing chemical fertilizers with eco-friendly inputs. Additionally, incorporating nitrogen-fixing species in crop rotations, inoculating with mycorrhizae and other microorganisms, practicing intercropping, planting cover crops, applying superabsorbents, utilizing plant hormones, foliar feeding with nutrients and humic acid, managing irrigation, ensuring appropriate planting depth, and relocating fields to cooler climates are suggested strategies.
Furthermore, to enhance soil organic matter and control summer temperatures, the application of mulch and planting cover crops, along with sustainable weed management through the removal and placement of residues on the soil surface, should be considered. These practices can also directly influence flower and corm performance and quality, thereby mitigating the negative effects of climate change.

Keywords

References

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