Document Type : Review Article
Author
Graduated in Physiology of Crop Plants, Tehran University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, with profound and negative effects on various aspects of individuals' personal, social, and economic lives. Conventional treatments for depression, especially chemical antidepressants, are sometimes associated with issues such as side effects and insufficient response. In this context, the use of natural and plant-based compounds, particularly saffron, has gained attention due to its therapeutic properties and fewer side effects, making it a promising option. Saffron and its active compounds, including crocin, safranal, and crocetin, can help improve symptoms of depression through their multiple effects on brain biology. These effects are primarily achieved by modulating neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. Crocin, one of saffron's key compounds, increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine by inhibiting their reuptake, which in turn improves mood and reduces symptoms of depression. Safranal, by inhibiting serotonin reuptake, specifically affects the serotonergic system and shows similar antidepressant effects. Furthermore, saffron influences neuroplasticity systems, leading to an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which helps in the repair and regeneration of neural networks damaged by depression. In addition to its direct effects on neurotransmitter systems, saffron's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties help prevent oxidative stress and reduce brain inflammation, which is one of the key factors in the onset of depression. Saffron also modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, involved in stress response and mood disorders, thereby reducing stress responses and regulating this system. These features make saffron effective not only as an antidepressant but also in stress management and improving mental health.
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