دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Effect of Corm Storage Conditions During the Summer Dormancy Stage on Reproductive Growth and Yield of Saffron اثر شرایط نگهداری بنه در طی دورة رکود تابستانه، بر رشد رویشی و زایشی زعفران 1 14 3032 10.22077/jsr.2020.3747.1141 FA سجاد مرادی مقدم دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد اگرواکولوژی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.کارشناس امور اراضی مدیریت جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان زیرکوه، سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان خراسان جنوبی، زیر کوه، بیرجند. ایران. حمیدرضا فلاحی دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند. ایران.گروه پژوهشی گیاه و تنش‌های محیطی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند. ایران. محمد علی بهدانی استاد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند. ایران. سهراب محمودی دانشکده کشاورزی- دانشگاه بیرجند Journal Article 2020 09 23 Introduction: Environmental factors, especially temperature, are very important in the proper occurrence of saffron flower initiation stage during summer. In areas affected by heat stress, any factor that reduces the stress intensity seems to be beneficial in improving saffron reproductive growth. Corm storage under desired environmental condition is a potential strategy, when saffron is grown as an annual crop. In perennial saffron plantation, where the corms spend the flowering stage in the soil, other solutions should be considered for the proper occurrence of the flowering stage. One of these solutions is to use plant residues in the field surface to reduce the soil temperature. The presence of plant residues causes shading on the soil surface, increases the amount of sunlight reflection, reduces evaporation from the soil, regulates the moisture content of the soil, and reduces the temperature at the depth of the corm placement. Another possible solution to adjust the soil temperature during the flower initiation phase of the corm is to carry out summer irrigation, but there is not enough certainty about its usefulness. Therefore, the aim of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of storage conditions of corms, as well as the effect of summer irrigation and the application of plant residue mulch on saffron flowering. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of corm storage conditions on saffron reproductive growth an experiment was carried out as complete randomized block design with seven treatments and three replicates during 2019 growing season, in Qaen, Iran. Experimental treatments were three types of corm storage inside the soil [corm planting in 5th June (A) with natural soil temperature as control, A + summer irrigation in 5th August and A + mulch application obtained from wheat residues at the rate of 8 ton ha-1)] and three types of corm storage outside the soil [Corm storage at room (ambient temperature) for three months started from 5th June + corm planting in 5th September (B), Corm storage in constant temperature (25 oC and relative humidity of ~40 %) in incubator for three months + B, three months corm storage at variable temperature in incubator (one month in 20, 25 and 20 oC) + B and corm storage in room (up to 5th August) and incubator (up to 5th September) + B. Results and Discussion: Results showed that summer irrigation increased the number, length and weight of cataphylls compered to control. Corm storage outside the soil (room or incubator) reduced the weight and length of cataphylls. Control and summer irrigation treatments had no significant different in terms of flower number, flowering rate and flower yield, but were superior to other treatments in terms of all the mentioned traits, especially compared with the room storage treatment. The highest values of mean flower weight (0.37 g), flower length (7.6 cm) and stigma length (2.83 cm) were obtained in mulch application treatment. Mulch application failed to improve flower and stigma yields, despite decreasing the soil temperature during the flower initiation stage. The highest values of stigma yield were gained at control, summer irrigation and mulch application (8.07, 7.28 and 6.40 kg ha-1, respectively), which were significantly more than those obtained at room storage (3.24 kg ha-1), storage in incubator with variable temperature (3.68 kg ha-1), storage in room and incubator (3.89 kg ha-1) and storage in incubator with constant temperature (4.28 kg ha-1). Conclusion: Overall, the passage of saffron flower initiation stage inside the soil significantly improved the flowering of the plant compared to the passage of this period outside the soil under room or incubator conditions. شرایط محیطی به خصوص دما از عوامل بسیار مهم در وقوع مناسب مرحلة گلانگیزی زعفران در طی تابستان میباشد. در این راستا، به منظور بررسی اثر شرایط نگهداری بنه بر رشد زایشی زعفران، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با هفت تیمار و سه تکرار در سال زراعی 99-1398 در مزرعهای شخصی واقع در شهرستان قاینات اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش عبارت بودند از: 1- کشت بنهها در 15 خردادماه و استقرار در دمای محیط (بهعنوان شاهد) 2- کشت بنهها در 15 خردادماه همراه با مصرف بقایای گیاهی گندم به میزان 8 تن در هکتار، 3- کشت بنهها در 15 خردادماه همراه با انجام آبیاری تابستانه در مرحله گلانگیزی (20 مردادماه)، 4- نگهداری بنهها در دمای محیط از 15 خرداد (در انبار دارای تهویه مناسب و سایه) و سپس کشت آنها در اواسط شهریور (بعد از سپری شدن دوره گرما)، 5- نگهداری بنهها در انکوباتور به مدت 3 ماه از 15 خرداد با دمای ثابت (25 درجه سانتیگراد) و کشت آنها در 15 شهریورماه، 6- نگهداری بنهها در انکوباتور از 15 خرداد با دمای متغیر مشابه با روند تغییرات دما در محیط طبیعی ولی در دامنة مناسب برای گلانگیزیِ زعفران (به مدت یکماه در هر یک از دماهای 20، 25 و 20 درجة سانتیگراد) و سپس کشت آنها در 15 شهریورماه و 7- نگهداری بنهها در دمای محیط از 15 خرداد و انتقال به انکوباتور در 15 مردادماه (همزمان با دوره گلانگیزی) با دمای 25 درجه سانتیگراد و سپس انتقال آنها به مزرعه در 15 شهریورماه. در پاییز سال 1398 صفات مرتبط با رشد رویشی و زایشی زعفران اندازهگیری شدند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل تعداد، طول و وزن خشک کاتافیلها، تعداد گل، متوسط وزن و طول گل، طول کلاله، سرعت ظهور برگ و گل، عملکرد گل و عملکرد کلاله بودند. نتایج نشان داد که آبیاری تابستانه موجب افزایش نسبی تعداد، طول و وزن کاتافیل (چمچه یا برگهای سفید غشایی) در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد شد. نگهداری بنهها در بیرون از محیط خاک (انبار یا انکوباتور) موجب کاهش وزن و طول کاتافیل شد. تیمار آبیاری تابستانه از نظر تعداد گل، سرعت گلدهی و عملکرد گل تفاوت معنیداری با تیمار شاهد نداشت، ولی سایر تیمارهای آزمایشی به خصوص نگهداری بنه در انبار باعث کاهش صفات مذکور شدند. بیشترین مقادیر متوسط طول گل و متوسط وزن تکگل (بهترتیب 6/7 سانتیمتر و 37/0 گرم) و طول کلاله (83/2 سانتیمتر) در تیمار مصرف بقایای گیاهی بهدست آمد. تیمار مصرف بقایای گیاهی با وجود کاهش دمای حوزة قرارگیری بنه در طی دورة گلانگیزی، نتوانست موجب بهبود عملکرد گل و کلاله شود. بیشترین مقادیر عملکرد کلاله بهترتیب در تیمارهای شاهد، آبیاری تابستانه و مصرف بقایای گیاهی (بهترتیب 07/8، 28/7 و 40/6 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین مقدار این شاخص بهترتیب در تیمارهای نگهداری بنه در انبار، ذخیرهسازی در دمای متغیر انکوباتور، نگهداری تلفیقی در انبار و انکوباتور و ذخیرهسازی بنه در دمای ثابت انکوباتور (بهترتیب با 24/3، 68/3، 89/3 و 28/4 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مشاهده شد. در مجموع نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که سپری شدن دورة گلانگیزی زعفران در درون خاک به طور قابل توجهی باعث بهبود گلدهی گیاه در مقایسه با سپری شدن این دوره در بیرون از خاک (انبار یا انکوباتور) شد.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3032_6cc4830b5f6b795163ef6814cf372391.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Detection and Molecular Investigation of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) in Saffron Fields of Khaf City ردیابی و بررسی مولکولی ویروس موزاییک معمولی لوبیا (BCMV) در مزارع زعفران شهرستان خواف 15 27 3033 10.22077/jsr.2024.7414.1233 FA حسن فلاح دانش آموخته کارشناسی، ارشد بیماری شناسی گیاهی، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. عاطفه حسینی دانشیار، بیماری شناسی گیاهی، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. Journal Article 2024 03 11 Introduction: Saffron with the scientific name Crocus sativus L belongs to the lily family (Iridaceae) and is one of the most important economic and strategic products of the country, which is important to investigate its limiting factors. Saffron is an strategic plant in Razavi Khorasan that has been played an important role in economy of this area in particular in Khaf city. According to statistical methods, 89% of saffron production is produced in Iran. Saffron has been infected by several viruses but until now there is not any report of infection with that is important species in potyviridae family and cause many symptoms on other produscts. Bean common mosaic virus is a member of potyviridae family with the positive single strand RNA genome that has rod-shaped particles caused decrease in quality and quantity in many plants, in this research, detection and molecular characterization of BCMV has been surveyed. Materials and Methods: In order to detect and identify Bean common mosaic virus as one of the limiting factors in saffron farms, sampling of 705 samples of saffron in Khorasan Razavi province, Khaf city was carried out during the spring of 1402. The saffron samples had mosaic symptoms, dwarfism, plant deformation and zigzagging, which were transferred to the laboratory under cool conditions. Then their total RNA was extracted by Denazist Kit and RT-PCR test was carried out, using specific primers of the coat protein gene. The PCR products were electrophoresed. Results showed that in the three saffron samples, a fragment of 343 base pairs was amplified. The amplified fragments were reproduced, then extracted from gel and then 3 amplicons were sent to Macrogen Korea for sequencing. Coat protein sequences were analyzed by Blast n and aligned by Bioedit, phylogenetic tree was draw using BCMV sequences of the world and Iran, homology matrix was obtained using Sdtv. Results and Discussion: In RT-PCR 14 saffron samples were amplified that 3 samples were chosen for sequencing. The results confirmed the infection of three saffron samples with the mentioned virus, and in the phylogeny studies of three saffron isolates in the nucleoprotein coding region of the mentioned virus, compared to the world isolates available in the gene bank, which were related to different geographical regions, five separate groups were formed, from three Iranian isolate related to saffron, two isolates (B1, B2) were placed in group 4 close to isolates from Brazil and one isolate (B3) was placed in group 5 close to two isolates from Iran (Ahvaz and Zanjan). The most similarity of the isolates in this research was between two Iranian isolates B1 and B2 with three isolates MW534342, MW534343 and MW534344 from the country of Brazil from the African continent with a similarity percentage of 100% and also the least similarity of the Iranian isolates B1, B2 and B3 with isolate KC702888 from Iran in Lorestan with a similarity level of 71%. Conclusion: This is the first survey of this virus in Razavi Khorasan that showed the infection of saffron field of Khafe city as one of the major areas of production of this product. Phylogenetic analysis of this virus showed that khaf isolates were located in two different groups that could be the result of different sources for entering of this virus in this area. The reason of separation of 3 isolates in different group should be the recombination among them. Although we detected many symptoms in the saffron fields BCMV was not detected in some of them. The reason behind of this could be related to the infection by other plant viruses that needs to be more investigated in the next scientific research. زعفران با نام علمی Crocus sativus L متعلق به خانواده زنبقیان Iridaceae)) ازمحصولات مهم اقتصادی و استراتژیک کشور می باشد، که بررسی عوامل محدود کننده آن حائز اهمیت است. به منظور ردیابی و شناسایی ویروس موزائیک معمولی لوبیا به عنوان یکی از عوامل محدود کننده در مزارع زعفران، طی بهار سال ۱۴۰۲ نمونه برداری از ۷۰۵ نمونه زعفران استان خراسان رضوی شهرستان خواف انجام شد. نمونه های زعفران دارای علائم موزائیک، کوتولگی، بدشکلی بوته و زیگزاگی شدن بودند که در شرایط خنک به آزمایشگاه منتقل شدند نمونه ها در آزمون RT-PCR و با استفاده از آغازگرهای اختصاصی ژن نوکلئو پروتئین، در سه نمونه زعفران قطعه ای به طول ۳۴۳ جفت باز تکثیر نمودند که جهت تعیین توالی به شرکت ماکروژن کره ارسال شدند. نتایج موید آلودگی سه نمونه زعفران به ویروس مذکور بود. در بررسی های تبارزایی سه جدایۀ زعفران در ناحیۀ کدکننده نوکلئوپروتئین ویروس یادشده همراه با سایر جدایه های موجود در بانک ژن و مربوط به مناطق مختلف جغرافیایی، پنج گروه جداگانه تشکیل دادند، از سه جدایه ایرانی مربوط به زعفران، دو جدایه (B1,B2) درگروه چهار نزدیک به جدایه هایی از برزیل و یک جدایه (B3) در گروه ۵ نزدیک به دو جدایه از ایران (اهواز و زنجان) قرار گرفت. بیشترین شباهت جدایه ها در این تحقیق بین دو جدایه ایرانی B1 و B2 با سه جدایه MW534342، MW534343 و MW534344 از کشور برزیل با درصد شباهت بالای 95% مشاهده شد و همینطور کم ترین تشابه جدایه های ایرانی B1، B2 و B3 با جدایه KC702888 از کشور ایران در لرستان با سطح تشابه ۷۱ % بود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3033_df99a1228686b208b2829dcfa43b1a30.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Effects of Potassium and Calcium Thiosulphates on Soil Properties, Flower and Corm Yield of Saffron Under On-farm Conditions اثر تیوسولفات‌های پتاسیم و کلسیم بر ویژگی‌های خاک، عملکرد گل و بنه‌‌ زعفران تحت مدیریت کشاورز (On-Farm) 28 50 3046 10.22077/jsr.2024.6797.1226 FA رباب قهرمان زاده 1- سرپرست پروژه های نوآوری، بخش تحقیق و توسعه، تسندرلو کرلی اینترنشنال، بلژیک سرور خرم دل 2- دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران. مهنا قطب شریف 3- دانشجوی دکتری اگرواکولوژی، گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران. سارا قهرمانزاده 4- دانشجوی ارشد باغبانی، گروه علوم باغبانی ،دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. Journal Article 2023 09 23 Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the oldest plants in Iran and plays a significant role in improving the economic and social status of farmers. However, its production mostly relies on indigenous knowledge (Koocheki et al., 2009), and its yield is considerably lower compared to other producing countries (Koocheki et al., 2012). According to available statistics, there is at least a 70% yield gap in saffron crop in Iran (Koocheki, 2018). Nutrients, especially towards the end of the growing season (Bertheloot et al., 2008; Dordas, 2009), play a crucial role in improving flower yield of saffron. Nutrient availability is considered as one of the most effective factors in promoting the growth of daughter corms (Koocheki et al., 2014; Koocheki & Seyyedi, 2015). This study aimed to assess the impact of potassium (as KTS®) and calcium (as CaTs®) thiosulphates on soil chemical properties, as well as the quantitative yield of saffron such as leaves, daughter corms, and flower of saffron under on-farm conditions. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications under on-farm management in Zaveh, Torbat-e Heydariyeh county, Khorasan-e Razavi, Iran during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons. The treatments included: T1: conventional on-farm management as control, T2: T1+application of 40 liters of KTS per ha three times, T3: T1+application of 20 liters of KTS per ha three times, T4: T1+application of 50 liters of CaTs per ha four times, T5: T1+application of 100 liters of CaTs per ha two times and T6: T1+application of 67 liters of CaTs per ha three times. KTS and CaTs were applied as soil treatment with irrigation. The study assessed several traits, including flower yield indices (such as flower numbers, fresh weight of flower, dried weight of stigma per m2 and stigma length), leaf growth (including leaf length and leaf dried weight), daughter corm yield (such as number of daughter corms, dried weight of daughter corms per m2, daughter corm diameter and mean weight of daughter corm), and soil properties (including pH, EC, total N, available P, and available K). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of potassium fertilizers (KTS) and calcium (CaTs) had a significant effect on various indices related to flowers, and leaves, as well as on the soil chemical properties. T6 had the highest and T5 had the lowest stigma dry weights. Similarly, the highest and lowest number of daughter corms were obtained in T6 and T5 treatments, respectively. The highest leaf length and dry weight of leaves were observed in T6. The highest and lowest of daughter corm numbers (with 7950 and 1865 corms.m-2, respectively) and dried weight of daughter corms (equal to 24579 and 7859 g.m-2, respectively) were belonged to T6 and T5, respectively. Furthermore, the highest and the lowest levels of available potassium content in the soil were observed in the first stage for T4 and conventional management (with 625 and 254 mg.kg-1, respectively), respectively. The highest levels of this characteristic were observed in the second, third, fourth, and fifth stages for T3 (with 671, 697, 723, and 758 mg.kg-1, respectively), while the lowest levels were associated with conventional agricultural management (equal to 233, 217, 201, and 189 mg.kg-1, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results, T6 was identified as the best treatment for saffron farms in Zaveh. The study suggests that paying close attention to the balance of nutrients and chemical parameters of soil can significantly improve crop yield and soil fertility in saffron farms. The application of calcium and potassium thiosulfate fertilizers as soil amendments during the growth season resulted in a decrease in pH and available phosphorus content, as well as an increase in electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, and available potassium content in the soil. Therefore, the use of KTS and CaTs fertilizers as thiosulphate are recommended for achieving sustainable production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where potassium and calcium are crucial for saffron cultivation. To determine the impact of these fertilizers on the intended soil properties, it is advisable to conduct further and more extensive studies on their application in saffron farms. این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی اثر تیوسولفاتهای پتاسیم (KTS®) و کلسیم (CaTs®) بر ویژگیهای شیمیایی خاک، رشد برگ و عملکرد گل و بنههای دختری زعفران در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان تربت حیدریه در دو سال زراعی 98-1397 و 99-1398 اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل T1: مدیریت رایج کشاورز، T2: T1+40 لیتر در هکتارKTS طی سه نوبت، T3: T1+20 لیتر در هکتار KTS طی سه نوبت، T4: T1+ 40 لیتر در هکتارKTS طی سه نوبت+ 50 لیتر در هکتار CaTs طی چهار نوبت، T5: T1+40 لیتر در هکتارKTS طی سه نوبت+100 لیتر در هکتار CaTs طی دو نوبت و T6: T1+40 لیتر در هکتار KTS طی سه نوبت+67 لیتر در هکتار CaTs طی سه نوبت بودند. نتایج در سال دوم نشان داد که اثر کاربرد کودهای KTS و CaTs بر بیشتر شاخصهای گل، برگ و بنههای دختری زعفران و خصوصیات شیمیایی خاک معنیدار بود. حداکثر و حداقل وزن خشک کلاله و تعداد و وزن خشک بنههای‌ دختری‌ برای T6 (بترتیب با 87/0 گرم در متر مربع و 7950 و 1865 بنه دختری بر متر مربع) و T5 ( بترتیب با 32/0 گرم در متر مربع و 24579 و 7859 گرم بر متر مربع) مشاهده شد. مصرف KTS و CaTs موجب کاهش شاخص واکنش و افزایش هدایت الکتریکی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس و پتاسیم قابل دسترس خاک گردید. بر این اساس، استفاده از تیوسولفاتهای پتاسیم و کلسیم برای دستیابی به تولید پایدار زعفران به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک توصیه می‌شود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3046_d862864e752eb6117cfa8a06be2495e5.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Plant Density on Antioxidant Activity and Secondary Metabolites of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) مطالعه اثر هورمون جیبرلیک‌اسید و کشت پُرتراکم بر مواد مؤثره و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی گیاه دارویی زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) 51 64 1790 10.22077/jsr.2021.4318.1159 FA محمد حسین امینی فرد دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی و مرکز پژوهشی گیاهان ویژه منطقه، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند. معصومه شاکری دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم باغبانی، گرایش فیزیولوژی گیاهان دارویی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند. محمد علی بهدانی استاد گروه پژوهشی زعفران، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران. سید جلال طباطبایی استاد گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شاهد تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2021 05 07 Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) belongs to the Iridaceae family, whose dry stigmas are the most expensive spices in the world and are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Correct management of planting density is one of the most important factors in the formation of saffron yield. Choosing the appropriate planting density in saffron, while increasing the exploitation of this agriculture, increases the yield and reduces the period between planting and economic yield. On the other hand, gibberellins are classified as a diverse group of plant growth regulators that enhance some physiological and biochemical pathways in plants. Gibberellins are involved in many plant development processes and the improvement of some desirable traits, such as increasing stem length, uniform flowering, reducing the time to flowering, and increasing flower weight. Also, considering that the study of planting density factors and the simultaneous application of gibberellic acid hormone on the qualitative traits of the saffron medicinal plant has not been done, the purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of dense cultivation and gibberellic acid hormone on the antioxidant activity and effective substances of saffron. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of gibberellic acid and plant density on the antioxidant activity and active ingredients of saffron, an experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Birjand during 2017-2018 growing season. Treatments consist of gibberellic acid (0 and 20 ppm) and plant density (100, 200, and 300 corms.m-2) with three replications. After the land preparation operation including initial plowing, disk, and land leveling, plots with dimensions of 1x2 meters were created. The distance between the plots was 50 cm and the distance between the blocks was 2 meters (including the irrigation ditches). Since it is important to choose a quality root for planting in order to create a high yield, healthy roots without wounds and scratches and free from any kind of disease were prepared and planted after weighing (the average weight of each root is 8 grams). Anthocyanin, phenol, antioxidant activity, safranal, crocin, picrocin, dry stigma yield, and photosynthetic pigments were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and means were compared based on the Duncan test. Results and Discussion: The results showed that gibberellic acid had a significant effect on different traits (P<0.05). The highest amount of phenol (629.77 mg. 100 g dry weight-1) and antioxidant (39.53%) was obtained from the gibberellic acid treatment. Therefore, the effect of gibberellic acid at the level of one percent on stigma anthocyanin was also significant and the rate of this trait was 24% higher in the treatment of gibberellic acid application than the non-application treatment. Active ingredients of saffron are influenced by gibberellic acid treatments. The highest safranal (32.5 %), crocin (140.4 %), and picrocin (58.1%) obtained from the use of gibberellic acid, and the lowest safranal (28/3%), crocin (125.1 %), and picrocin (56.6 %) obtained from control. A planting density of 300 corms.m-2 had the highest dry stigma yield. Chlorophyll a and total were increased by application of 20 ppm of gibberellic acid by 14% and 12%, respectively, compared to the control. Plant density treatments were significantly affected only on some traits of active ingredients (safranal and picrocin) at the level of one percent and the highest these were obtained from plant density with 100 corms.m-2, but it had no significant effect on other traits. Conclusion: The current study's findings revealed that the use of 20 ppm gibberellic acid had positive effects on qualitative traits of saffron and low planting density (100 corms.m-2) affected only some traits of saffron active ingredients (safranal and picrocin) and high planting density (300 corms.m-2) affected the dry stigma yield.. بهمنظور بررسی تأثیر هورمون جیبرلیک اسید و کشت پُر تراکم بر فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی و مواد مؤثره زعفران، آزمایشی بهصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند در سال زراعی 95-96 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو سطح جیبرلیکاسید (صفر و 20 پیپیام) و سه سطح تراکم کاشت (100، 200 و 300 بنه در مترمربع) با سه تکرار بودند. صفات اندازهگیری شده شامل میزان آنتوسیانین، فنول، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، سافرانال، کروسین، پیکروسین، عملکرد کلاله خشک و رنگدانه‏های فتوسنتزی بودند. نتایج نشان داد تیمار جیبرلیک اسید اثر معنیداری بر اکثر صفات داشت، بهطوریکه بیشترین میزان فنول و فعالیت آنتیاکسیدانی بهترتیب 7/629 (میلیگرم در صد گرم وزن خشک) و 5/39 درصد از تیمار مصرف اسید‌جیبرلیک بهدست آمد. همچنین نتایج بیانگر اثر معنیدار اسیدجیبرلیک در سطح یک درصد بر میزان آنتوسیانین کلاله بود، بهطوریکه میزان این صفت، 24 درصد در تیمار اسیدجیبرلیک بیشتر از شاهد بود. مواد مؤثره زعفران نیز تحت تأثیر اسیدجیبرلیک قرار گرفت، بهطوریکه بیشترین میزان سافرانال (5/32 درصد)، کروسین (4/140 درصد) و پیکروسین (1/58 درصد) از تیمار مصرف اسیدجیبرلیک و کمترین میزان سافرانال (3/28 درصد)، کروسین (1/125 درصد) و پیکروسین (6/56 درصد) از تیمار شاهد حاصل شد. همچنین میزان کلروفیل aو کل برگ با مصرف 20 پی‌پی‌ام جیبرلیک اسید بهترتیب بهمیزان 14 و 12 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش یافت. تیمار تراکم کاشت تنها بر بعضی مواد مؤثره (سافرانال و پیکروسین) در سطح یک درصد معنیدار بود و بیشترین آنها بهترتیب بهمیزان 55/33 و 96/58 درصد از تراکم کاشت 100 بنه در مترمربع مشاهده شد، امّا روی سایر صفات تأثیر معنیداری نداشت. تراکم کاشت 300 بنه در مترمربع، بیشترین عملکرد کلاله خشک را داشت. بهطور کلی با توجه به نتایج بهدست آمده، مشخص شد مصرف 20 پیپیام جیبرلیک اسید سبب بهبود صفات کیفی زعفران گردید و تراکم کاشت پایین (100 بنه درمترمربع) فقط در برخی صفات مواد مؤثره زعفران (سافرانال و پیکروسین) و تراکم کاشت بالا (300 بنه در مترمربع) در عملکرد کلاله خشک تأثیر داشت.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_1790_c8e799e7c0cbdfb8bedb056aeb9f9d42.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Mechanism of Positive Phytobiotic Effects of Saffron Petals on Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism and Antioxidant Health of Sheep Rumen in vitro سازوکار اثرات فیتوبیوتیکی مثبت گلبرگ زعفران بر متابولیسم انرژی و نیتروژن و سلامت آنتی‌اکسیدانی برون‌تنی شکمبه گوسفند 65 79 3063 10.22077/jsr.2024.7958.1237 FA مجتبی اکبری شوشود دانشجوی دکتری تغذیه دام، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران جواد رضائی دانشیار تغذیه دام، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران مهدی عیاری نوش آبادی استادیار گیاهان دارویی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران یوسف روزبهان استاد تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 24 Introduction: Every year, a significant amount of saffron petals remains as a by-product after harvesting and separating the thread-like parts of the flower (stigmas). The saffron stigma constitutes only 7.4% of the flower's weight and the remaining 92.6% is unused. This plant residue (petals) is a valuable source of plant bioactive compounds (phytobiotics), which based on previous studies, has useful effects on rumen fermentation, digestion and diet efficiency. However, there is no specific information about the effect of this by-product on ruminal microbial populations, enzymatic activity, antioxidant health, as well as the mechanism of effectiveness. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the use of low levels of saffron petals in the diet (as a natural additive) could improve microorganism populations, hydrolytic enzymes and antioxidant health of the rumen. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the mechanism of the positive effects of saffron petals on the energy and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant health of the sheep rumen using the in vitro method. Materials and Methods: Experimental treatments included a diet without saffron petals (control) and diets containing 1, 2, and 3% of saffron petals (based on dry matter). The 24 and 72-h gas production tests were performed in 2 series (runs; in different weeks) and 3 replicates in each run (i.e., 6 observations per treatment at each incubation time). The gas production from the samples incubated in the 100-mL glass syringes was recorded. Then, the protozoa (using a hemocytometer and light microscope), cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria (using liquid medium and Hungate tubes), hydrolytic enzymes (via chemical methods and photometry), methane (by injecting NaOH solution to absorb CO2) and antioxidant capacity (via ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) were measured. Truly degraded substrate was determined by boiling fermentation residues in the neutral detergent solution and weighing, ammonia-N by phenol-hypochlorite method, and the volatile fatty acids (VFA) using gas chromatography. Microbial biomass production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and partitioning factor were estimated using the equations. Data were analyzed using the Proc GLM of SAS 9.1 in a completely randomized design (6 observations per treatment). Results and Discussion: The inclusion of different levels of saffron petals in the diet decreased the in vitro ruminal protozoa population (P<0.05), due to its bioactive components, which damage the structure and function of the protozoa membrane, deactivate protozoa enzymes or deprive protozoa of the substrate and metal ions needed for their metabolism. Moreover, saffron petals increased the cellulolytic bacteria numbers and microbial biomass production (P<0.05). This was due to the reduction of protozoa, which leads to the reduction of the bacteria predation and thus improves the growth and population of the cellulolytics. The ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and amylase activity decreased with the use of saffron petals in the diet (P<0.05), because of the higher cellulolytic bacteria and microbial biomass, i.e., higher bacteria activity. These improvements resulted in more (P<0.05) diet digestibility, metabolizable energy, total VFA and truly degraded substrate in the saffron petals-containing groups. The inclusion of saffron petals in the diet resulted in decreasing in vitro ruminal methane release, ammonia-N production and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P<0.05). These changes were due to the decreased protozoa numbers leading to less hydrogen supply for methanogens and higher hydrogen shift toward propionate, as well as less deamination process and ruminal nitrogen recycling. Another reason was the increase of cellulolytic bacteria that consume ammonia as their main nitrogen source. Antioxidant capacity increased with the use of saffron petals in the diet (P<0.05), due to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants (such as flavonoids) present in this plant residue. The maximum truly degraded substrate was observed in the diet containing 3% of saffron petals. The lowest methane, protozoa and ammonia were in diets containing 2 and 3% of saffron petals. Moreover, adding 2 and 3% of saffron petals caused the highest antioxidant power. Conclusion: The results showed that the positive effect of saffron petals on the ruminal metabolism and antioxidative health of sheep, in vitro, was due to the beneficial changes that occurred in microbial populations (increase of cellulolytic bacteria and decrease of protozoa), hydrolytic enzymes (fibrolytic enzymes and amylase) and its antioxidants. Therefore, low levels (up to 3% of diet) of saffron petals can be used as a natural phytobiotic additive to improve rumen fermentation and reduce loss of energy and nitrogen resources, although it is better to confirm the results in vivo گلبرگ زعفران دارای آثار مثبت بر تخمیر شکمبه و دام می‌باشد، اما اثرات آن بر میکروارگانیسم‌ها، آنزیم‌ها و سلامت آنتی‌اکسیدانی شکمبه بررسی نشده است. لذا، این تحقیق سازوکار اثر مثبت گلبرگ زعفران بر متابولیسم انرژی و نیتروژن و سلامت آنتی‌اکسیدانی برون‌تنی شکمبه گوسفند را بررسی کرد. جیره‌های آزمایشی حاوی صفر (شاهد)، 1، 2 و 3 درصد گلبرگ زعفران تنظیم گردید و آزمون تولید گاز 24 و 72 ساعته انجام شد. سپس، پروتوزوآها، باکتری‌های سلولولیتیک و پروتئولیتیک، آنزیم‌‌های هیدرولیتیک، ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی، تولید متان، توده میکروبی، هضم‌پذیری، سوبسترای تجزیه‌شده حقیقی، آمونیاک و اسیدهای چرب فرار تعیین گردیدند. داده‌ها در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 3 تکرار و 2 سری (6 مشاهده\تیمار) تجزیه شد. گنجاندن سطوح مختلف گلبرگ زعفران در جیره موجب افزایش باکتری‌های سلولولیتیک، آنزیم‌های فیبرولیتیک، آمیلاز، توده میکروبی و کاهش پروتوزوآها شد. ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی با مصرف گلبرگ زعفران بهبود یافت (05/0>P)، اما جمعیت باکتری‌های پروتئولیتیک و پروتئاز روند کاهشی غیرمعنی‌داری داشت. درنهایت، تغییرات سازوکاری مذکور موجب افزایش تجزیه و قابلیت‌هضم جیره، کل اسیدهای چرب فرار، کاهش متان، آمونیاک و نسبت استات به پروپیونات نسبت به شاهد شد (05/0>P). حداکثر بهبود صفات در سطوح 2 و 3 درصد افزودنی مشاهده گردید. در مجموع، اثر مثبت گلبرگ زعفران بر متابولیسم و سلامت آنتی‌اکسیدانی شکمبه‌ای بهدلیل محتوای آنتی‌اکسیدانی و تغییرات مفید در جمعیت‌های باکتریایی و آنزیم‌های هیدرولیتیک است. بنابراین، سطوح اندک (تا 3 درصد جیره) آن می‌تواند به‌عنوان افزودنی فیتوبیوتیکی طبیعی برای بهبود شرایط تخمیر شکمبه و کاهش اتلاف منابع انرژی و نیتروژن مصرف شود، هرچند بهتر است نتایج در شرایط درون‌تنی تأیید شود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3063_f0c060aaa0960cf3113f02493340c3ab.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Effect of Strengthening Various Types of Moisture Absorbents With Plant Hormones and Food Supplements on the Growth and Performance of Saffron Plant تاثیر تقویت انواع جاذب های رطوبتی با هورمون های گیاهی و مکمل های غذایی بر رشد و عملکرد گیاه زعفران 80 94 3043 10.22077/jsr.2024.7742.1234 FA الناز فرج زاده معماری تبریزی دانشیار گروه زراعت، واحد ملکان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ملکان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 06 10 Introduction: Iran is considered a water-scarce country and a large part of its water resources evaporates. According to research, about 90% of the country's water is used in agriculture, of which more than 60% is wasted due to choosing wrong methods for irrigation and some other cases. This issue has caused the farmers to seriously face water shortage, increase in cost and decrease in the amount of cultivation. To prevent this problem, researchers have made polymers that can greatly reduce the occurrence of these problems. These polymers are called water absorbent powder. Super absorbents are compounds that can play a very effective role in water crises. On the other hand, due to the fact that absorbents are a place to store moisture in the soil, they can provide fertilizers and other inputs used in agriculture more effectively to plants. Materials and Methods: This study is to investigate the effect of strengthening different types of moisture absorbents (no use of super absorbent, use of natural super absorbent and use of synthetic super absorbent) with different types of hormones (no use of hormone, use of auxin hormone and use of cytokine hormone), and whole foods (no use of fertilizer, use of chemical fertilizer and use of Nano fertilizer) were on the growth and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron. The experiment was conducted in two crop years 1401 and 1402 as a randomized complete block design in three replications. Results and Discussion: Based on the results of this study, the use of artificial and natural super absorbents, fertilizers and hormones led to an increase in flower production and stigma weight of saffron. The combination of these treatments, especially the combination of super absorbents with hormones and fertilizers, had a more positive effect on improving growth and product quality. In addition, the use of these treatments led to an increase in the content of chlorophyll and nutrients required by the plant, an increase in the percentage of safranal and antioxidant properties of the product, and an improvement in the amount of nutrients in saffron leaves. Also, it has been observed that the use of super absorbents and fertilizers along with hormones can significantly improve the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in saffron leaves. This increase in nutrients leads to the improvement of plant growth and development and finally leads to increase in production and improvement of product quality. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of moisture absorbents, especially artificial moisture absorbents reinforced with Nano fertilizer and cytokine hormone, can play a very effective role in reducing water consumption and improving the growth and production of saffron. In addition, the strengthening of absorbents with hormones and food can be a very effective achievement in increasing the production of plants, especially medicinal plants such as saffron in dry conditions. The experiment was conducted in two crop years 2022 and 2023 as a randomized complete block design in three replications. Based on the results of this study, the use of synthetic and natural super absorbents, fertilizers and hormones led to an increase in flower production and stigma weight of saffron. The combination of these treatments, especially the combination of super absorbents with hormones and fertilizers, had a more positive effect on improving growth and product quality. In addition, the use of these treatments led to an increase in the content of chlorophyll and nutrients required by the plant, an increase in the percentage of safranol and antioxidant properties of the product, and an improvement in the amount of nutrients in saffron leaves. It has also been observed that the use of super absorbents and fertilizers along with hormones can significantly improve the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in saffron leaves. This increase in nutrients leads to the improvement of plant growth and development and finally leads to increase in production and improvement of product quality. سوپر جاذب ها ترکیباتی هستند که با توجه به ذخیره رطوبت در خاک می توانند کودها و سایر نهاده های مورد استفاده در کشاورزی را به طور موثرتری در اختیار گیاهان قرار دهند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر تقویت انواع مختلف جاذب های رطوبتی(عدم کاربرد سوپر جاذب، کاربرد سوپر جاذب طبیعی و کاربرد سوپر جاذب مصنوعی) با انواع مختلف هورمون ها (عدم کاربرد هورمون، کاربرد هورمون اکسین و کاربرد هورمون سیتوکنین) و مواد غذایی کامل(عدم کاربرد کود، کاربرد کود شیمیایی و کاربرد کود نانو) بر رشد و خصوصیات کمی و کیفی زعفران بود. آزمایش در دو سال زراعی 1401 و 1402 به صورت تجزیه مرکب در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این بررسی استفاده از سوپر جاذب‌های مصنوعی و طبیعی، کود ها و هورمون ها منجر به افزایش تولید گل و وزن کلاله زعفران به ترتیب تا 46 و 37 درصد شد. تلفیق این تیمارها به خصوص تلفیق سوپر جاذب‌ها با هورمون‌ها و کودها تأثیر مثبت بیشتری در بهبود رشد و کیفیت محصول داشت و این صفت را تا 111 درصد افزایش داد. به علاوه استفاده از این تیمارها منجر به افزایش محتوای کلروفیل و عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاه افزایش درصد سافرانال و خصوصیات آنتی اکسیدانی محصول و بهبود میزان عناصر غذایی برگ زعفران نیز گردید. استفاده از سوپر جاذب‌ها و کودها به همراه هورمون‌ها، بهبود قابل توجهی را در میزان عناصر غذایی در برگ‌های زعفران باعث شد.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3043_5a46cf1f792127d5636ebefef4398de8.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Impact of Various Biofertilizers and Their Combinations on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Saffron Flowers under Different Irrigation Regimes تأثیر کودهای مختلف زیستی و ترکیب آن‌ها بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گل زعفران در رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری 95 111 3077 10.22077/jsr.2024.7948.1236 FA محمد عظیمی گندمانی استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور،تهران، ایران. مصطفی علی نقی زاده استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور،تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 22 Introduction: Proper nutrient management is becoming a key component in enhancing crop yield under variable environmental conditions, as it supports plant growth and tolerance to severe constraints such as drought stress and soil impoverishment. Biofertilizers, in addition to regulating nutrient uptake, serve as an effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, ensuring sustainable, safe, and stable agricultural production and biomass. Given the benefits of biofertilizers, formulating an appropriate fertilizer combination that prevents excessive yield reduction under limited water resources is crucial. Materials and Methods: To study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron flowers under the influence of various biofertilizers and irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted over two agricultural years (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) in the agricultural lands of Ziar city. This experiment was implemented as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, deficit irrigation at three levels (50%, 75%, and 100%) was considered as the main factor, and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria (B-N), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (B-K), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (B-P), their combinations, and a control without fertilizer at eight levels were the sub-factors. The water requirement for saffron was estimated at 3,280 cubic meters per hectare using the Cropwat software, based on long-term meteorological data from 1994 to 2018. Irrigation was conducted using a meter and in basin irrigation method. In the first year, the first irrigation was done immediately after planting. Overall, four irrigation sessions were carried out each year (before flowering, after flowering, mid-March, and late April). The irrigation amounts for the 50%, 75%, and 100% treatments were 1,640, 2,460, and 3,280 cubic meters, respectively. Due to the intense competition of weeds with the crop and the prevention of growth, and because the experiment was focused on the effect of biofertilizer on the plant, the use of herbicides was not feasible. Therefore, weed control was manually done twice in February and April in both experimental years. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the highest number of flowers (79.9 m-2), fresh flower weight (31.4 g. m-2), dry stigma weight (0.492 g. m-2), dry style weight (0.122 g. m-2), and dry flower weight without stigma and style (5.09 g. m-2) were obtained in the 100% water requirement treatment combined with NPK biofertilizer. On the other hand, the qualitative characteristics of saffron showed that the highest amounts of crocin (253 mg. g-1), picrocrocin (35 mg. g-1), and safranal (121 mg. g-1) were achieved in the 75% water requirement treatment combined with NPK biofertilizer. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this experiment demonstrated that with increasing stress intensity from 100% to 50% water requirement, the characteristics such as fresh flower weight, number of flowers, dry stigma weight, dry style weight, and dry flower weight without stigma and style decreased. On the other hand, at all three levels of water requirement, the application of various biofertilizers (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and potassium-solubilizing bacteria) either singly, in pairs, or in triplets mitigated the negative effects of stress, although the dual and triple combinations had more positive effects. Additionally, the qualitative traits results showed that in all fertilizer treatments, applying the irrigation regime from 100% to 75% increased the amounts of crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, but with the increase in stress intensity to 50%, the amounts of these traits decreased, although different biofertilizers reduced the negative effects of stress. Ultimately, to achieve optimal performance, the best treatment was 100% water requirement irrigation combined with NPK biofertilizer, while in terms of quality, 75% water requirement irrigation combined with NPK biofertilizer was the best treatment. به منظور مطالعه خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گل زعفران تحت تاثیر کودهای مختلف زیستی و رژیم‌های آبیاری، آزمایشی طی دو سال زراعی 01-1400 و 02-1401 در اراضی کشاورزی شهر زیار اجراء شد. این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این آزمایش کم‌آبیاری در سه سطح (50، 75 و 100 درصد) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و باکتری‌های آزادزی تثبیت‌کننده نیتروژن (B-N)، باکتری‌های حل‌کننده پتاسیم (B-K)، باکتری‌های حل‌کننده فسفات (B-P)، ترکیب آن‌ها و شاهد بدون کود در هشت سطح به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین تعداد گل (9/79 عدد در متر مربع)، وزن تر گل (4/31 گرم در متر مربع)، وزن خشک کلاله (492/0 گرم در متر مربع)، وزن خشک خامه (122/0 گرم در متر مربع) و وزن خشک گل بدون کلاله و خامه (09/5 گرم در متر مربع) در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی و کود زیستی NPK بدست آمد. از سوی دیگر نتایج خصوصیات کیفی زعفران نشان داد بیشترین میزان کروسین (253 میلی‌گرم در گرم)، پیکروکروسین (35 میلی‌گرم در گرم) و سافرانال (121 میلی‌گرم در گرم) در تیمار 75 درصد نیاز آبی و کود زیستی NPK بدست آمد. در نهایت، برای داشتن عملکرد مطلوب، بهترین تیمار، آبیاری 100 درصد نیاز آبی و کود زیستی ترکیبی NPK بود در حالی که از نظر کیفی، آبیاری 75 درصد نیاز آبی به‌همراه کود زیستی ترکیبی NPK دارای بهترین تیمار بود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3077_82d1a4a51858bbe0c38daac63ceeb31a.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Investigating the Effect of Planting Speed and Corm Density on Saffron Yield in Shahrood City بررسی اثر سرعت کاشت و تراکم بنه بر عملکرد زعفران در شهرستان شاهرود 112 122 3112 10.22077/jsr.2024.7845.1235 FA زین العابدین امیدمهر عضو هیات علمی بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سمنان (شاهرود)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شاهرود، ایران. محمد حسین سعیدی راد عضو هیات علمی بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 06 Introduction: In arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, water as the most important factor limiting production determines the priority of cultivation. Since the past, Iranian farmers have been familiar with this important principle and have produced products with low water requirements such as saffron. Iran is currently considered the largest producer of Saffron in the world and has the largest area under cultivation of this product. Due to its high economic efficiency and low water requirement outside the summer season, saffron planting has been welcomed by farmers in recent years. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the effect of the forward speed of the planter on the studied properties of saffron was not statistically significant. One of the important advantages of planting machines is that the forward speed of planting machines does not affect their performance. Because the driving force of the saffron spreader is supplied from the wheel of the machine, the speed of the machine is independent of the speed of the tractor and the slippage of its wheels. The amount of corm density on the studied traits of saffron (number of flowers per unit, flower weight and saffron yield (dry stigma)) was statistically significant (P<0.01), so that high density (120 cormsm-2) increased number and weight of flowers and yield of saffron (dry stigma). The number of flowers per square meter is one of the important components of saffron crop performance. There was a significant difference (at the level of 1%) between the experimental treatments in terms of the number of flowers per square meter. So that the density of 120 corms per square meter with an average of 67.2 flowers per square meter was placed in the best statistical group, and the densities of 100 and 70 corms per square meter were placed in the next statistical group with an average of 57.7 and 53.2 flowers per square meter, respectively. Among different corm densities, the highest flower weight (26.1 gm-2) was related to the density of 120 corms per square meter. At the densities of 100 and 70 corms per square meter, the weight of the flower produced was 22.4 and 20.6 gm-2, respectively. The results showed that, effective field capacity, operation time and amount of fuel consumed per hectare were 0.67hahr-1, 1.5hrha-1 and 23lha-1, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the significant effect of different amounts of corm on flower yield components. So that the increase in the amount of planted corms up to 120 corms per square meter caused an increase in the fresh and dry flower yield of the stigma and the number of flowers. Although the effect of the speed of the planting machine on the yield of saffron was not effective. But using a fully automatic saffron planter with a planting speed of 5kmhr-1 increased the effective field capacity of the device. Increasing effective field capacity reduces the time of planting operations (timely planting operations) and reduces labor costs. Therefore, it seems that choosing a density of 120 corms per square meter and using a sowing device as an alternative to traditional planting will increase the yield of saffron flowers and increase the income of the farmers. این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثر سرعت کاشت و تراکم بنه بر عملکرد زعفران در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سمنان (شاهرود) به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با 9 تیمار در3 تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای مورد مطالعه در نه سطح، شامل شامل سه سرعت پیشروی 4، 5 و 6 کیلومتر بر ساعت و سه تراکم کاشت بنه (70، 100 و 120 بنه در مترمربع) بود. فاکتورهای فنی (ظرفیت مزرعهای، زمان انجام عملیات، میزان مصرف سوخت) و صفات زعفران (تعداد گل در واحد سطح، وزن گل و عملکرد زعفران (کلاله خشک)) اندازهگیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر سرعت پیشروی کارنده بر صفات موردبررسی زعفران از نظر آماری معنیدار نبود. میزان تراکم بنه بر صفات مورد بررسی زعفران (تعداد گل در واحد، وزن گل و عملکرد زعفران (کلاله خشک)) از نظر آماری معنیدار بود (P<0.01). بیشترین تعداد گل (2/67 در مترمربع) مربوط به تراکم 120 بنه در مترمربع بود و در تراکمهای 100 و 70 بنه در مترمربع، تعداد گل به ترتیب 7/57 و 2/53 در مترمربع بود. بین تراکمهای مختلف بنه، بیشترین وزن کلاله خشک (28/0 گرم در مترمربع) مربوط به تراکم 120 بنه در مترمربع بود. در تراکمهای 100 و 70 بنه در مترمربع، وزن گل تولیدی به ترتیب 25/0 و 21/0 گرم در مترمربع بود. به طوری که تراکم زیاد (120 بنه در واحد سطح) موجب افزایش تعداد و وزن گل و عملکرد زعفران (کلاله خشک) در واحد سطح شد. زمان انجام عملیات کاشت و سوخت مصرفی تراکتور به ترتیب 5/1 ساعت بر هکتار و 23 لیتر در هکتار محاسبه شد. با توجه به کارآیی بالای دستگاه کاشت، استفاده از کارنده تمام خودکار علاوه بر صرفه‌جویی در مصرف سوخت، موجب کاهش زمان عملیات کاشت و انجام به موقع آن می‌شود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3112_045072d9e62e0da2b078b1caf4bcd751.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Synergistic Effect of Humic Acid Soil Application and Salicylic Acid Pretreatment on Morphological and Phenological Traits of Saffron Species (Crocus sativus L.). تاثیر هم‌افزائی کاربرد خاکی هیومیک اسید و پیش‌تیمار سالیسیلیک اسید بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و فنولوژیکی گونه زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) 123 137 3136 10.22077/jsr.2024.8036.1239 FA سید امیر حسینی دانشجوی دکتری آگروتکنولوژی- فیزیولوگیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان، ارسنجان ، ایران. برمک جعفری استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان ،ارسنجان، ایران. حمیدرضا میری دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان ،ارسنجان، ایران. عبدالرضا جعفری استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان ،ارسنجان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 08 14 Introduction: Iran's high export value of saffron, the world's most expensive spice, is attributed to its cultivation in dry and semi-dry areas, which face moisture and soil organic matter deficits. To improve saffron yield, factors such as bulb size, planting time, fertilization, irrigation, and hormonal and organic treatments must be considered. Humic acid, an organic fertilizer, has positive effects on soil structure and plant growth, improving plant metabolism and resilience against drought and salinity. Salicylic acid, an organic fertilizer, induces plant responses to adverse environmental conditions, increasing plant growth and flexibility. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of soil-applied humic acid and salicylic acid pre-treatment on saffron's morphological and phenological traits. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted at Payame Noor University's research farm in Marvast, using high-quality saffron corms from Torbat-Heydarieh. The experiment involved three replications over the 2019 and 2020 agricultural years. Treatments included four levels of humic acid (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg per hectare) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 1, and 2 millimolar). The corms were planted manually in August 2019, and humic acid was applied with the first irrigation. Salicylic acid was pretreated for 8–10 hours in the dark. The study measured traits such as cormel number, leaf length, fresh and dry weights, flower and stigma yield, and phenological traits like sprouting and flowering times. Results showed that humic acid and salicylic acid treatments positively affected saffron growth and yield, indicating potential for improved cultivation practices. Results and Discussion: The application of humic acid and salicylic acid significantly enhanced the total weight of corms, as well as the number and weight of cormels, particularly when used together. The highest total corm weight observed with the combination of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid was approximately 133% higher than the control. Similarly, the highest number of cormels was achieved with the 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid treatment in the first year, around 108% more than the control. Increasing levels of humic acid at all salicylic acid levels resulted in higher average corm weights. Adding 15 kg/ha humic acid to 0, 1, and 2 millimolars of salicylic acid boosted average corm weight by 30.7%, 57.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared to control without humic acid. Synergistic effects were also noted on leaf traits. The greatest leaf length occurred with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (38% increase) and with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (46% increase). The highest dry leaf weight was observed in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (79% increase) and in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (103% increase). The maximum stigma length was recorded with 1 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid, showing a 52% increase compared to the control. The combined treatment of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid led to the highest fresh stigma weight in the first year (132% increase) and the highest dry stigma weight in the second year (300% increase). Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between qualitative and quantitative traits of saffron. A positive correlation was observed between dry stigma weight and the weight of both mothers (r = 0.76) and cormels (r = 0.74). Conversely, fresh style weight had a negative correlation with time to sprouting (r = 0.56) and flowering (r = 0.43). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the most influential traits on dry stigma weight were the weight of mother corms, days to flowering, and daughter corm weight. These factors explained 76%, 82%, and 86% of the variance in saffron performance, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that humic acid and salicylic acid had significant effects on the growth and flowering of saffron. Specifically, these compounds caused a notable reduction in the vegetative growth phase and flowering time of saffron. This result meant that the use of these compounds could lead to significant improvements in the morphological and phenological traits of saffron, ultimately increasing the number and quality of daughter corms and overall plant yield. با توجه به اهمیت زعفران و مشکلات آن در نواحی خشک و نیمهخشک ایران، این مطالعه باهدف بررسی تأثیر هیومیک اسید (HA) (0، 5، 10 و 15 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و سالیسیلیک اسید (SA) (0، 1 و 2 میلیمولار) بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و فنولوژیکی زعفران به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل ‌تصادفی در 3 تکرار طی دو سال (1398 و 1399) در شهرستان مروست استان یزد بر روی اکوتیپ تربت‌حیدریه اجرا شد. یافتهها نشان‌دهنده بالاترین میزان معنی‌دار متوسط وزن خشک کلاله و خامه (به ترتیب 42/82 و 38/0 گرم) در اثر استفاده هم‌زمان سطوح 2 میلی مولار سالیسیلیک اسید و 15 کیلوگرم هیومیک اسید بود. همبستگی پیرسون مثبت و معنیداری مابین وزن خشک کلاله با وزن بنه (بنیه) مادری (76/0 r=) و خواهری (74/0 r=) مشاهده شد؛ درحالی‌که همبستگی منفی و معنیداری مابین وزن‌تر خامه با زمان تا سبزشدن (56/0) و گلدهی (43/0 r=) وجود داشت. تجزیه رگرسیون به روش گام‌به‌گام نشان داد که با لحاظ وزن خشک کلاله به‌عنوان عملکرد زعفران، وزن بنه مادری به‌تنهایی 76/0 درصد، وزن بنه مادری و تعداد روز تا گلدهی باهم 82/0 درصد و درنهایت، وزن بنه مادری، تعداد روز تا گلدهی و وزن بنههای خواهری باهم 86/0 درصد واریانس (تغییرات) عملکرد زعفران را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند درکل، کاربرد هم‌زمان 2 میلی مول سالیسیلیک و 15 کیلوگرم در هکتار هیومیک اسید بهترین نتیجه را بر عوامل موردمطالعه در این بررسی داشت.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3136_a1356929ae69576f05ee821a9a5f5dd8.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Effect of Applying Zinc Sulfate, Humic Acid, and Folic Acid Enriched with Amino Acids on the Growth and Yield of Saffron Plant تأثیر کاربرد سولفات روی، اسید هیومیک و اسید فولویک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه بر رشد و عملکرد کمی و کیفی زعفران 138 157 3143 10.22077/jsr.2024.8196.1242 FA افسانه یوسف پور دخانیه استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران. الناز فرج زاده معماری تبریزی دانشیار، گروه زراعت، واحد ملکان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ملکان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 09 26 Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants globally, known for its culinary, medicinal, and economic importance. The yield and quality of saffron are influenced by several agronomic and environmental factors. Among these, nutrient management plays a critical role in enhancing plant growth and productivity. The use of organic compounds such as humic and folic acids has gained attention due to their potential to improve plant health, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance. Additionally, micronutrients like zinc are essential for various biochemical processes in plants, affecting overall growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and reproductive success. Recent studies suggest that the combined application of organic acids and micronutrients can synergistically enhance crop performance. This study investigates the effects of humic acid, folic acid, and zinc sulfate on key growth, physiological, and reproductive traits of saffron to identify the most effective treatment combinations for improving saffron yield and quality. Materials and Methods: In this study, the studied treatments are humic acid (no use of humic acid, use of humic acid and use of humic acid enriched with amino acids), folic acid (no use of folic acid, use of folic acid and use of folic acid enriched with amino acids). amino) and zinc sulfate (no application of zinc sulfate, application of zinc sulfate in the amount of 3 kg/ha and application of zinc sulfate in the amount of 6 kg/ha) on growth, flower production and quality characteristics of saffron essential oil. This experiment was carried out in two years in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in the fields of the Islamic Azad University of Malkan branch. The treatments were applied as soil application every two years after planting. Results and discution: This study examined the effects of humic acid, folic acid, and zinc sulfate on saffron plant growth over two years. The results showed that the highest plant height, 14.33 cm and 14.2 cm, was recorded in the second year with the treatments of humic acid + folic acid + zinc sulfate at 6 kg/ha and humic acid enriched with amino acids + folic acid enriched with amino acids without zinc sulfate. Compared to untreated plants, these treatments increased height by 64% and 62%, respectively. Similar results were observed in other growth traits, with humic and folic acids enriched with amino acids, along with zinc sulfate, yielding the most positive effects, especially in the second year. The application of enriched humic acid increased leaf number by 28.3%, while regular humic acid resulted in a 12% increase. The dry weight of aerial parts showed no significant difference between the two treatments, but leaf number, surface area, and dry weight were all positively influenced by these treatments. Zinc sulfate also had a significant impact, increasing leaf surface area by 46% in the second year when combined with humic acid. The study highlighted that zinc sulfate at 6 kg/ha, enriched humic acid, and folic acid enriched with amino acids led to the highest chlorophyll content and improved nutrient uptake, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, the treatments positively impacted the reproductive traits of saffron, such as flower number and stigma weight, with humic acid enriched with amino acids having the greatest effect. Folic acid, when enriched with amino acids, significantly increased crocin content, while both humic and folic acids improved picrocrocin levels. The study concludes that enriched humic and folic acids, combined with zinc sulfate, have the most substantial effects on saffron's vegetative and reproductive traits. Conclusion: These results show that the combination of humic and folic acid treatments enriched with amino acids and zinc sulfate can effectively affect the growth and quality traits of saffron, especially the number of flowers and stigma weight. در این مطالعه اسیدهیومیک (عدم کاربرد اسید هیومیک، کاربرد اسید هیومیک و کاربرد اسید هیومیک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه)، اسید فولویک (عدم کاربرد اسید فولویک، کاربرد اسید فولویک و اسید فولویک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه) و سولفات روی (عدم کاربرد سولفات روی، کاربرد سولفات روی به مقدار 3 و 6 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بر رشد، تولید گل و خصوصیات کیفی اسانس زعفران بررسی شد. این آزمایش در دو سال به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزارع دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ملکان اجرا شد. بر اساس نتایج، تعداد گل‌ها با تیمار اسید هیومیک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه 16 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. همچنین وزن کلاله نیز با همین تیمار تا 2/20 درصد افزایش پیدا کرد. سطح برگ نیز در اثر کاربرد اسید فولویک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه 8/28 درصد افزایش یافت. از لحاظ محتوای کلروفیل، تیمارهای غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه محتوای کلروفیل را تا 63 درصد افزایش دادند. درصد کروسین و سافرانال نیز به ترتیب تا 8/15 درصد و 9/29 درصد تحت تاثیر کاربرد اسید هیومیک و فولویک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه در مقایسه با شاهد بهبود یافتند. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ترکیب تیمارهای اسید هیومیک و فولویک غنی شده با اسیدهای آمینه و سولفات روی می‌تواند به طور مؤثری بر صفات رشدی و کیفی زعفران، به ویژه تعداد گل و وزن کلاله، تأثیرگذار باشد.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3143_afdeba70c17138ea647aa8e586c5c548.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 The Impact of the New Thin-Layer Drying Technique on the Active Compounds in Saffron and a Comparison with Traditional Drying Methods تاثیر روش نوین خشک کردن لایه نازک زعفران بر ترکیبات موثره و مقایسه با روش‌های مرسوم 158 167 3206 10.22077/jsr.2024.8477.1251 FA شادی بصیری دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد ، ایران. مسعود یقبانی استادیار، بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد ، ایران. Journal Article 2024 11 24 Introduction: Saffron originates from Iran. Due to the country's climatic conditions, it holds a unique significance among other agricultural products. The cultivation and production of saffron increases the export of the country. Saffron crocin is the main water-soluble carotenoid ester. It is a red compound with strong antioxidant power. The aroma of saffron is related to volatile compounds including safranal. The taste of saffron is due to a compound with a bitter taste called picrocrocin. The quality of saffron is related to the concentration of the three main compounds crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Drying is the most important part of saffron processing, which effects on the physicochemical and sensory quality of saffron and is done in different methods. Moisture absorbent materials cause the transfer of moisture between the absorbent material and the air. The absorbent material, which has low moisture content, draws moisture from the air until it reaches equilibrium. The advantages of moisture-absorbing materials for drying products include low energy consumption and the ability to maintain continuous drying even during non-sunny hours. There is not any research in the field of using moisture absorbing compounds in drying saffron. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the characteristics of the inlet air to drier containing moisture absorbent material on the quality indicators (color, aroma and taste) of saffron. Materials and Methods: First, the stigmas were separated from the saffron flowers and prepared for drying. Silica gel moisture absorbent material was used in this project. Air with three speeds of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 m/s and three temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 degrees Celsius after passing through the layer of moisture absorbing material entered the dryer and their effect on the amount of picrocrocin , safranal and crocin were investigated and the optimal speed and temperature of the inlet air were measured. The effect of drying method on the quality of saffron was investigated. Saffron was dried using three Spanish methods, traditional and moisture absorbing materials, and the effect of the drying method on the amounts of picrocrocin, safranal and crocin in saffron was investigated. Results and Discussion: The effects of the speed of the air (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 m/s) and the temperature of the air (30, 40 and 50 °C) entering the drier with a moisture absorbent material were investigated on the quality indicators of saffron. The amounts of picrocrocin, safranal and crocin of dried saffron by this method were compared with two common methods of drying saffron, such as spanish and traditional methods. The results showed that the air entering to drier with a temperature of 30°C and a speed of 0.6 m/s kept the highest amounts of safranal (51.2) and picrocrocin (99.7) in saffron. Picrocrocin and safranal in saffron as two factors of taste and aroma, play a very important role. These two compounds have a good relationship in its chemical structure. The highest amount of crocin (235.7) was also measured at a temperature of 50 °C and a speed of 0.2 m/s. All of the used air speeds had a similar effect on the quality indicators of saffron. Conclusion: The use of silica gel moisture absorbent in the process of drying saffron can significantly help in drying saffron with high quality (taste and aroma). It is also possible to recharge the silica gel grains, so using it for drying is economically justified. The speed of 0.2 m/s of air entering to drier was considered due to the reduction of energy consumption. The use of low temperature (30ºC) in drying saffron created a product with a desirable aroma and taste. In order to producing more crocin (color), the higher temperatures were needed. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply a high temperature (50ºC) at the end of drying saffron. The quality of saffron in the method of using a moisture absorbent material was similar to the traditional method for drying saffron and was higher than the spanish method. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی استفاده از ماده جاذب رطوبت سلیکاژل بر خشککردن زعفران و تاثیر ویژگیهای هوای ورودی به خشککن بر شاخصهای کیفی (رنگ، عطر و طعم) زعفران بود. اثرات تیمارهای سرعت هوای ورودی به خشککن (2/0، 4/0و 6/0 متر بر ثانیه) و دمای هوای ورودی به خشککن (30، 40 و 50 درجه سانتیگراد)، پس از عبور از لایه ماده جاذب رطوبت، بر کیفیت زعفران بررسی شدند. مقادیر پیکروکروسین، سافرانال و کروسین زعفران خشک شده با این روش با دو روش خشککردن متداول زعفران یعنی روشهای اسپانیایی و سایهخشک (سنتی) مقایسه شدند. نتایج نشان داد هوای ورودی به خشککن با دمای °C 30 و سرعت 6/0 متر بر ثانیه، باعث حفظ بیشترین مقادیر سافرانال (2/51) و پیکروکروسین (7/99) در زعفران شد. بیشترین مقدار کروسین (7/235) نیز در دمای °C 50 و سرعت 2/0 متر بر ثانیه اندازه گرفته شد. با توجه به تأثیر یکسان سرعتهای هوای 2/0 ، 4/0 و 6/0 متر بر ثانیه بر کیفیت محصول، سرعت 2/0 متر بر ثانیه به دلیل کاهش مصرف انرژی مناسب تشخیص داده شد. استفاده از دمای پایین (º C30) در خشک کردن، محصولی با کیفیت از نظر عطر و طعم ایجاد کرد. برای تولید کروسین (رنگ) بیشتر، نیاز به دمای بالا است. برای این منظور ضرورت دارد در انتهای خشککردن زعفران دمای بالاتر (º C50) اعمال گردد. کیفیت زعفران در روش استفاده از ماده جاذب رطوبت مشابه روش سنتی خشک کردن زعفران و نسبت به روش اسپانیایی بالاتر بود.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3206_64a6ed7346bee5d5baec1152c0a8e3f1.pdf

دانشگاه بیرجند پژوهش‌های زعفران 2345-3869 12 1 2024 06 21 Investigating the Effect of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and Its Active Compounds on Enhancing Sleep Quality in Adults: A Narrative Review بررسی اثر زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) و ترکیبات موثره آن بر بهبود کیفیت خواب در بزرگسالان: مرور روایتی 168 181 3227 10.22077/jsr.2025.8483.1252 FA سمیرا علی دانش آموخته دکترای فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران و دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی موسسه غیرانتفاعی ناصر خسرو ساوه، ساوه، ایران. Journal Article 2024 11 27 Introduction: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a medicinal plant with a long history, recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties. Historically, this plant has been used in traditional medicine in Iran and other Asian countries as an effective treatment for various ailments. One of saffron's notable attributes is its impact on sleep quality and mental health. Recent research has demonstrated that the active compounds in saffron, particularly crocin and safranal, may play an essential role in improving sleep quality. This study aims to explore and analyze the effects of saffron on sleep quality in adults. Sleep disorders are a prevalent issue in modern societies, which can have significant negative effects on both physical and mental health. These disorders may arise from various factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, and hormonal imbalances. As a result, the use of sleep-inducing medications and chemical analgesics has become a common approach to managing these issues, although these drugs may cause side effects and dependency. Consequently, there is a growing interest in natural and low-risk treatments, such as the use of medicinal plants, especially saffron, as a suitable alternative for addressing sleep disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate and analyze the effects of saffron on sleep quality in adults. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review of the available literature from reputable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar. Keywords such as "saffron," "crocin," "safranal," "sleep quality," "sleep disorders," were used for data collection. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 in English were evaluated. Only studies that investigated the effects of saffron on sleep quality in adults were included in this review. These studies consisted of randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, and correlational studies that directly addressed saffron’s effects on sleep. In the evaluation of the results, particular attention was given to various sleep parameters, including sleep onset latency, sleep duration, and sleep quality based on scales such as the "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index" (PSQI) and the "Insomnia Severity Index" (ISI). Additionally, the impact of saffron on anxiety and depression, which can indirectly affect sleep, was also reviewed. Results and Discussion: The results of this review suggest that saffron and its active compounds, particularly crocin and saffranal, have significant positive effects on improving sleep quality in adults. In most of the clinical trials examined, saffron consumption led to a reduction in sleep onset latency and an increase in total sleep duration. Based on the review of studies, the appropriate amount of consumption of these compounds is suggested between 28-30 mg per day. Crocin, a carotenoid found in saffron, is recognized as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that can have positive effects on the central nervous system. This compound can improve sleep by regulating neurotransmitter levels such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin. Furthermore, safranal, another active compound in saffron, is known as an inhibitor of oxidative enzymes and has antidepressant properties, which may indirectly enhance sleep quality by alleviating anxiety and depression. Research has also shown that saffron may influence melatonin, a hormone that plays a key role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Studies have indicated that saffron supplementation increases blood melatonin levels, which can contribute to improved sleep, particularly in individuals suffering from insomnia or sleep disturbances caused by hormonal changes. Additionally, saffron has been shown to significantly reduce cortisol levels, the stress hormone, which can further improve sleep quality. Comparative studies have demonstrated that saffron is effective in improving sleep without causing significant side effects, making it a preferable option compared to conventional sleep medications. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that saffron, due to its active compounds such as crocin and safranal, may serve as an effective and natural remedy for improving sleep quality in adults. Its effects on the central nervous system, melatonin regulation, and reduction of cortisol levels are some of the primary mechanisms underlying its sleep-enhancing properties. Given its positive influence on anxiety and depression, saffron could be particularly beneficial in treating sleep disorders associated with psychological issues. However, to confirm and extend these results, further large-scale and long-term studies are needed. Additionally, investigating the potential side effects of saffron and its interactions with other medications, especially in individuals with specific health conditions, should be a priority for future research. Ultimately, saffron, as a natural and low-risk treatment, could become an effective and appealing option for improving sleep quality and promoting mental health. اختلالات خواب به عنوان یکی از شایع‌ترین شکایت‌های عصر حاضر، به طور قابل توجهی بر عملکرد شناختی و کیفیت زندگی افراد تأثیرگذار است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات زعفران و ترکیبات فعال آن بر بهبود کیفیت خواب طراحی شده است. جهت نیل به این هدف، جستجوی گسترده‌ای در پایگاه اطلاعاتی PubMed در بازه زمانی 10 ساله (2014 تا 2024) صورت پذیرفت. واژههای کلیدی مورد استفاده زعفران و خواب"، "کیفیت خواب و زعفران"، "کروسین و خواب"، زعفران و "اختلالات خواب"بود. معیار ورود شامل مقالاتی بود که در زمینه اثر زعفران و ترکیبات آن بر بهبود اختلالات خواب و امکان دسترسی به متن کامل بوده است. مقالاتی که فقط چکیده را شامل میشدند و یا به زبان غیر انگلیسی نگارش شده بودند به عنوان معیار خروج در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج این مرور متون مرتبط با موضوع، حاکی از بهبود کیفیت خواب با مصرف ترکیبات زعفران (کروسین و سافرانال) بود. مکانیسمهای بالقوه اثر زعفران بر اساس مطالعات مرتبط با اثرات ضد التهابی و آنتی اکسیدانی آن بر خواب بود. هم چنین زعفران با افزایش هورمون ملاتونین در بهبود کیفیت خواب تاثیر گذار است. کروسین و سافرانال، موجب افزایش مدت خواب غیر حرکات سریع شده است. هم چنین زعفران بر سیستم‌های سروتونرژیک، گلوتاماترژیک و گاما-آمینوبوتیریک اسید (GABA) که در خواب و بی‌خوابی دخیل هستند نقش دارد. بر اساس مرور مطالعات، میزان مناسب مصرف این ترکیبات بین ۳۰-۲۸ میلی گرم در روز پیشنهاد گردیده است.

https://jsr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3227_4a03d1dd1275049c3325efc759d3aaf8.pdf